Kurdish alphabet
Kurdish writing systems include various alphabets of the Kurdish population in the various states actually for their language ( s) ( Kurmanji, Sorani, Südkurdisch ) are used.
There are currently three writing systems:
- Latin alphabet (Turkey 1932)
- Sorani alphabet (modified Persian alphabet)
- Yekgirtú
The Hawar Alphabet
The alphabet of the Kurdish Kurmanji dialect contains 31 letters:
A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
A, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, u, v, w, x, y, z
At the launch of this alphabet in his magazine " Hawar " suggested Celadet Ali Bedirxan before, H, X and 'instead of غ, ح, and to use ع - sounds, which he regarded as "non- Kurdish " (see pages 12, 13). These three glyphs do not have the status of letters and serve only the representation of these sounds, if it is absolutely necessary for understanding.
Turkey does not recognize this alphabet to and use of the letters Q, W, X, which does not exist in the Turkish alphabet has led to persecution in the years 2000 and 2003 (see p 8, and ). Since September 2003, many Kurds have turned to the courts to change their names in Kurdish, written with the letters Q, W and X, but failed it.
The Sorani alphabet
The Kurdish Sorani dialect is written primarily with a modified Persian alphabet ( 33 letters ). Unlike the standard Arabic alphabet, which is a Abdschad that Sorani is a true alphabet, in which vowels are mandatory, making the font easy to read. However, it is not a complete picture of Kurdish lute, since it the short / i / is missing, and it also does not distinguish between / w / and short / u /, and between / y / and / ī /. Nevertheless, it has the two Pharyngale and a voiced velar fricative, which are used by Kurdish.
ى, ێ, ە, ھ, وو, و, ۆ, ن, م, ڵ, ل, گ, ک, ق, ڤ, ف, غ, ع, ش, س, ژ, ز, ڕ, ر, د, خ, ح, چ, ج, ت, پ, ب, ا
Kurds in Iraq and Iran mainly use this alphabet, although the Kurdish Latin alphabet is also in use.
The Cyrillic Alphabet
Another system for the few ( Kurmanji - speaking ) Kurds in the former Soviet Union used a modified Cyrillic alphabet consists of 32 letters:
А, Б, В, Г, Г ', Д, Е, Ә, Ә ', Ж, З, И, Й, К, К ', Л, М, Н, О, Ö, П, П ', Р, Р ' С, Т, Т ', У, Ф, Х, Һ, Һ ', Ч, Ч ' Ш, Щ, Ь, Э, Q, W
The Armenian Alphabet
Between 1921 and 1929 the Armenian alphabet for the Kurdish language in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was used.
This was followed by the Janalif (also: Jaŋalif or Yañalif ) replaced resembling Latin alphabet during the Latinisationskampagne ( Romanization (font ) ).
The Unified Turkish alphabet: Adaptation for the Kurdish
In 1928, the Kurdish language throughout the USSR, the Armenian SSR was trapped, converted to Roman script, which contains some additional Cyrillic characters:
A, b, c, c, d, e, ә, f, g, г, h, i, ь, j, k, ʀ, l, m, ɴ, o, ө, w, p, n, q, ч, s, ш, ц, t, u, y, v, x, z, z
In 1929, she was reformed and replaced by:
Yekgirtú (International Standard - IS)
The Yekgirtú ( Yekgirtí, yekgirig, also Kurdish Unified Alphabet called ) alphabet is a writing system developed recently by the Kurdish Language Academy Academy for Kurdish language ( Kurdish Academy of Language, in short, KAL ). It has many advantages compared with the Kurmanji and Sorani alphabets. It is tailored to all Kurdish dialects and not only exclusively for one and therefore is also due his name Yekgirtú, which means "single". It is also better adapted to the vowel -rich Kurdish as the Arabic script.
The Kurdish language academy, it was aware that the existing Kurdish writing systems fall short. This included the handling, their dialect use across and the absence of the foot attributable to information technology international standards with representatives of the Kurdish.
To avoid communication barriers due to the existence of various Kurdish writing systems, the KAL has the Yekgirtú, which the international ISO 8859-1 standard is based on developed. This modern Kurdish alphabet with International Standard (IS) contains some small changes in contrast to the already existing Latin -based alphabet and introduces new characters.
These were introduced to improve the flexibility of the system of writing in Kurdish. This effort was undertaken as part of KAL's wide -scale efforts to revive the use of the Kurdish language and to promote the benefits of adolescent Kurds. Drafted by the KAL and system here illustrated is reasonable and easy for communication on the Internet as well as for any electronic media.
The development of the unified Kurdish alphabet ( Yekgirtú ) followed three principles:
1 A sound - one letter
2 No diacritics ( Internet capability)
3 loanwords are naturalized
The Yekgirtú contains 34 characters, including four digraphs ( jh, ll, rr, sh) and 4 characters with diacritics ( é, í, ú, ù ). It contains nine vowels ( a, e, é, i, í, o, u, ú, ù ) and 25 consonants.
A, B, C, D, E, É, F, G, H, I, Í, J, Jn, K, L, ll, M, N, O, P, Q, R, rr, S, Sh, T, U, Ú, Ù, V, W, X, Y, Z
Since short it was more often used in the Kurdish television as the Arabic script.