Persian alphabet
The Persian alphabet is used for graphical presentation of New Persian, Indo-European language one, and consists of a total of 32 letters. The alphabet is a modified form of the Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet was extended by four basic letters, also the spelling of two other letters has been changed slightly.
The Perso- Arabic alphabet was introduced in 642 AD after the Islamic expansion in Iran and established himself there until the 9th century. Before the adaptation of the Arabic alphabet, which falsely as " Pahlavi " designated cursive form of the Aramaic script was for the Middle Persian mostly used for religious purposes and the Avestan and the Avestan script, but also based on the Aramaic script.
The letters of the Persian alphabet
The Persian alphabet, reads like a Arabic from right to left, short vowels are either not advertised or only indicated by diacritics. The case of the characters varies depending on the position in the word: initial (linked to the left), medial ( joined on both sides ), final ( connected from the right) or isolated. The debate described refers to modern Tehran Persian, debates in other regions and countries are strongly deviating to some extent.
( with Hamza: )
* Seven letters can not be connected to the left so that each of the initial and isolated as well as match the medial and final form.
In non-scientific use uncommon, especially diacritics scientific transcriptions are usually replaced by easier to jogged letter: is ġ to gh, ḫ / x to ch, č to lish, Ǧ to dsch, ž to j. In non-scientific English transcriptions there are variations, there kh instead of ch, j instead dsch, ch ch instead of being written. As used in German-speaking both to the German as well as to the English ajar transcriptions next to each other and has prevailed no single transcription within the Oriental Studies, these differences sometimes lead to ambiguities.
Combinations of letters
Deviations from the Arabic alphabet
The two letters spelling is slightly different from Arab: In the isolated form of the Kāf ( ک ) is in contrast to the Arabic script ك usually written not Hamza. Moreover, in the isolated form of the Ye ى the two points of the Arab variant ي be omitted. The Persian Ye is thus identical in its final form with the Arabic letter Alif maqsura. Since this letter occurs also in Arabic loanwords in the Persian, they will lead to ambiguities.
The letters Pe ( پ ), Czech ( چ ), ZE ( ژ ) and GAF ( گ ) was the Arabic alphabet added reason, since the corresponding phonemes but not only occur in Persian, in Arabic.
Special character
A number of special characters were taken from Arabic: The Shadda displays a Konsonantverdoppelung that Hamze over the letter Hey ۀ the suffix -ye. The Aleph set on a double bars ( Tanwin ) are used for presentation of the combination of sounds [ on ] how to لطفا ( lotfan ).
Digits
The graphical representation of digits is broadly in line with the Arab, only the symbols for 4, 5 and 6 are slightly modified. These numbers are used in Persian writings in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
Use in other languages
Many languages that also use a modified Arabic alphabet or used, have not directly taken over the Arab, but the Persian alphabet and this usually turn slightly modified. The extra Persian letters and the somewhat different uses of some letters have thus found their way into other languages. Examples include the Arab- based writings of Urdu, Indian languages such as Sindhi and Punjabi, the Ottoman, the Sorani - Kurdish and Central Asian Turkic languages , such as Kazakh, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Uzbek and Uigur.
Other languages outside of the Persian sphere of influence as the Jawischrift of the Malay and African languages , however, have developed their own modified characters for the Arab foreign phonemes.