List of historical harbour cranes
A harbor crane is a crane standing for loading and unloading ships at the quay.
History of the harbor crane
Stationary harbor cranes - unknown according to present knowledge in the ancient world - be regarded as a new development of the Middle Ages. The typical harbor crane was a rotatable design, equipped with two treadwheels. These cranes were for loading and unloading of cargo built directly on the quay, where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods such as winches, seesaws and yards. From strömungstechischen reasons Tretradkräne were singled built on a several meters high basalt foundation ( Bastion, Rondell, shipyard) on driven into the mud banks oak piles ( Andernach, Trier).
Three types of harbor cranes with a different geographical focus can be identified: first, gantry cranes, the entire design revolved around a central vertical axis, and commonly found in Flemish and Dutch coastal towns were ( Bruges ). On the other tower cranes, which winch and wheels were in a strong tower, and only arm ( also with double boom for ballast (Trier) or as a second hoist (Würzburg ) ) and roof rotating at the load. This type was used in the German sea and inland harbors, but also in Sweden. For the third cranes, Crane where house were separated with the Antriebstreträdern the outrigger. Last stand separately as a rotatable boom boom before the crane house. Such cranes were distributed in England ( Guildford, Harwich ), but also on the continent. Thus, the second crane from St. Goar was (built 1658 under Landgrave Ernst I ) be of this type: The octagonal four-story stone tower, the treadmills were running, while the actual boom stand as gallows between the crane house and quay in Kaiboden and a covered wooden structure of the crane house roof was starting, a rigid boom not unlike clamped.
In addition to the Tretradkränen there were Wellradkräne. Here the drum or round timber for holding the rope, usually with two corrugated wheels at both ends and roll about running endless rope was driven by hand. Such a crane is available as a replica in Otter village.
Interestingly, Kaikrane were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian port cities, where the authorities made about the Middle Ages addition, use of the more labor-intensive method of unloading ramps. A mixture of ramp and Tretradkran can be found in the monastery of Mont Saint- Michel, a Tretradschrägaufzug.
Unlike construction cranes (in some church trusses still exists as the north tower of the Frauenkirche Munich, Freiburg and Gmunder Münster), where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow pace of work of masons, possessed harbor cranes usually a Doppeltretrad to speed up the loading process. The two treadmills, whose diameter was about 4 m (up to 6.5 meters in Port Crane ), the crane axis were mounted on both sides and turned up for receiving or releasing the chain or rope. Nowadays exist after an investigation nineteen (fifteen original ) Tretradhafenkräne and a Wellradkran from pre-industrial times in Europe. Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes or crane ships arrived in the 14th century ( Dusseldorf, Cologne, Andernach, Trier, etc.) that could be used across the harbor basin flexible, but were at risk during floods, ice and storm.
Bruges: port crane model
Harwich Port Crane
Port crane in Münster
Stockholm: canon crane 1751
Utrecht city crane to 1800 (1402-1837)
Germany
In shipping, the operation of the common since the Middle Ages harbor cranes usually came for the purpose of gaining time Doppeltreträder used, which were attached to both sides of a rotatable tower. This tower - Tretkräne were built either of wood or stone, and could, when loading a load of up to 2.5 tons cope. It is estimated that approximately 80 Tretkräne were at 32 locations crane on the Rhine tributaries in use throughout the German-speaking even about twice as many.
Harbor cranes came from the middle of the 13th century as a replacement or supplement to the reel drive in port cities such as Hamburg, Bruges, Ghent or Antwerp and in cities with stack right, such as in Strasbourg, Trier and Cologne, where in the 16th century four Tretkräne gave (City view ( 1531) by Anton Woensam ), one of which was 20 m high. There was also a prince's ( as an electoral archbishopric ) privilege to build a crane and operated by a crane Meister or its approval to construct and operate a crane on the part of a city was required. In Koblenz is still the octagonal stone house of the former Koblenz Rhine crane ( built in 1611 by John II of Pasqualini ) to be seen as level house on the Rhine (250 m north of the castle ), St. Goar stood until the end of 1869, the octagonal stone Rhine crane from the 17. century ( mentioned in 1484 predecessor ) south of the former dock. Wenceslas Hollar drew him around 1635, a color lithograph " St. Goar & Rhine rock " by François Stroobant shows the almost same succession to 1658 in 1860.
A pre-industrial Tretradkran needed including vereidigtem crane master who was in the service of crane tenant or the City Council and for payment of staff ( including crane writer, rope Greaser ) was in charge and the crane and the end of the crane business, and the current in the wheels wind servants a 15 - 25 man embracing team that belonged to the guild of their own Aufläder or carters. The Aufläder or sick real - not to be confused with the wind servant, winch operator, Radläufer, crane offender or crane workers in the treadwheels or on the handle of the crane house, worked outside of the crane on the crane load on the quay or in the vessel.
List of historical harbor cranes
The following is a list obtained harbor cranes in the (former ) German-speaking. Even modern reconstructions are listed.