List of photographic processes

The preamble Darkroom method is mainly used in artistic photography and printmaking and includes all photochemical process manually executed to produce the pressure and stick to the reproduction on paper or glass with light-sensitive chemicals. As a photographic process while the total of all chemical techniques in photography is called, with which a photographic image on a substrate ( eg, paper, glass, celluloid, screen) is generated in the deposited thereon photo emulsion.

Conceptual history

In the 19th and early 20th century, a variety of techniques and methods of reproduction in photography and printing techniques were developed. They formed the basis for today's printing techniques and imaging methods. These methods are still used today by artists and photographers and artists called in contrast to the method used in industry as noble printing process. Originally the term Darkroom designated only the positive process on paper.

Types of procedure

A distinction is made between positive, negative and direct positive process. According to the used light-sensitive chemicals, you can group the techniques as follows:

Chrome gelatin method

This principle is based on the chemical tanning of gelatin (or other colloids) under exposure to light, with potassium dichromate or ammonium dichromate ( chromate ) are offset.

The tanned gelatin ...

• Color ... layer itself by embedded pigments or coloring substances Rubber print ( Gummibichromatverfahren ) - 1858
• Höchheimer rubber printing, published prior to 1914 by Alfred Höchheimer
• Combination rubber pressure
• Pigment printing = pressurized coal, rubber pigment printing - 1864
• Aniline printing process - 1878
• Glue pressure developed with isinglass as a colloid, 1915 by Heinrich Kühn

• ... is dyed after exposure and washing with fat color. Freshly dyed it is also used as a dye carrier for a transfer printing (transfer method ) Bromoil - 1902
• As a transfer method: Bromölumdruck - 1902
• Oil pressure = oil pigment printing
• As a transfer method: Ölumdruck = Bromöl - transfer printing - 1866
• Transfer method: light pressure = Phototypie - 1870
• Transfer method: Carbrodruck - 1873

• Forms ... the acid in the etching process of the plate in the copper - etching for rotogravure printing Photogravure photogravure also = Photo Gravure, Klicotypie, solar pressure - 1879
• Gummigravüre, by Heinrich Kuehn 1911 invented method, the Photogravure and rubber printing combined

• Galvanically ... is molded in copper and transferred in this way into a printing block Photogalvanographie - 1854 = as Dallastypie since 1873
• Pigment - engraving

• ... is shaped by being pressed into lead and thus transferred into a pressure Stock Woodburytypie = Photoglyptie - 1864

Asphalt method

The method is based on the asphalt, the photographic use on the sensitivity of asphalt, cures upon exposure to light. By brushing or loosening of the unexposed areas with oil creates an image. Joseph Niépce had so in 1822 the first photograph made ​​. The oldest surviving photograph dates from 1826 (see Fig. )

• Heliographie = Niepcotypie - 1822
• Photolithography ( an industrial high-tech development, but which is also used artistically )
• Photochrom print - a high-quality flat printing process in which a photographic original is transferred to a treated asphalt litho

Silver halide processes

Silver halide processes with bromine, iodine, chlorine or fluorine compounds have been developed in the middle of the 19th century. Can still be found in the photographic papers using. Bromide silver are the popular photo papers for black -and-white photographs. Silver compounds used are the silver halides: silver bromide, silver iodide, silver chloride and silver (I ) fluoride.

The silver halide layer ...

• Color ... layer itself by embedded pigments or coloring substances Albumin pressure = albumen paper, albumin copy, protein - development processes - 1850
• Argyrotypie
• Auskopierpapier = albumin print, Aristopapier or Celloidinpapier
• Ambrotype ( = wet Kollodiumpositiv ) (= Melanotypie, Amphitypie ) - 1851
• Bromoil - 1911
• Carte -de- visite
• Daguerreotype - 1839
• Gelatin process - 1871
• Tintype ( = Melainotypie, sheet Photography ) - 1856
• Fluorotypie - 1844
• Collodion wet plate collodion =, a wet collodion process - 1851
• Ozotypie - 1899
• Ozobromprozess - 1905
• Pannotypie - 1853
• Photo- Xylograph (similar albumin pressure)
• Salt pressure = calotype, Fotogenische drawing, Pencil of Nature
• Steinheil process ( silver chloride method ) - 1839
• Talbotype = Waxed Paper Negative - 1841
• Dry plate

• ... is used as a dye carrier for transfer printing Bromsilberdruck
• Uvatypie
• Erwinotypie Erwin Over Drive - 1910
• Relief printing
• Pinatypie ( color process developed to dye-transfer and Technicolor )

Method with iron compounds

• Cyanotype = Iron Blue Print - developed in 1842 by John Herschel, used ammonium iron (III ) citrate and potassium ferricyanide

• Kallitype = brown print, sepia print, Vandyke process, Argentotypie, Van Dyke Brown - 1889

• Pellet process - patented in 1878 by H. Pellet direct positive cyanotype process with potassium ferrocyanide
• Catalysotypie - 1844
• Platinum - palladium print - made popular around 1883 by Pizighelli / Huebl. This method is one of the method with iron compounds, since the actual light-sensitive substance is an iron oxalate.

(Heavy) metal process

• Platin-/Palladium-/Gold-/Uran-/Blei-/Lithium-Verfahren

• Katatypie - 1901
• Chrysotypie - 1842
• Platinotype
• Palladium Print - 1870
• Wothlytypie ( = uranium - collodion process, uranium pressure) - 1864
• Ziatype

Color process

• Suctioning
• Autochrome process - 1904, on the market since 1907
• Chromotypie - 1843
• Diazotype
• Joly process - 1894/95
• Lippmann procedure, see Gabriel Lippmann
• Hydrotypie ( dye transfer methods ) - 1889

More Darkroom method

• Anthotypie = Ausbleichverfahren of plant extracts
• Anthrakotypie = dust method
• Autotype = halftone plate - 1880
• Fotoglyphische engraving
• Herschel's breath pressure
• Hydra plate
• Oskeudruck
• Transfer printing
• Vitrotypie

More photographic process

• Glass slide
• Stipple method
• Line grid method
• Granolithography