Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII#Liturgical Reforms of 1955
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A reform of the liturgy of Holy Week was in the Roman Catholic Church from 1951 to 1956 under the pontificate of Pius XII of. performed and altered especially the celebration of Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Easter Vigil.
Historical development
The celebration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ has been since 2 / 3 Century as Vigil, ie vigil celebrated on the night of Easter Sunday, hence the term Easter Vigil or Easter Vigil derived. In two successive phases, a nocturnal period of mourning and a morning delight phase of Easter Eucharist, the saving action of God is thought to man. In the following centuries a light celebration and a baptismal service were added; the Easter Vigil was the " Taufnacht of the Year".
Since the 4th century, the Easter Triduum Sacrum unfolded into a first focusing on the memory of the suffering and death of Jesus ( Holy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday ) and a second as a memory of the Resurrection (Easter Sunday to Easter Tuesday ). From late antiquity, the individual days and their liturgical celebrations become independent.
The liturgy of the Easter Vigil as a vigil lasted several hours. Over time, the number of adult baptisms went back further and further, and the duration of the vigil was shortened from the 6th century; finally ended the celebration of the Easter Vigil before midnight. From the 8th century began much earlier in the evening and finally during the morning of Holy Saturday with the start of the celebration. This happened first with ecclesiastical toleration, until Pope Pius V made a provision thereof and the evening shows under said of himself on the eve of Easter. In the Roman Missal of 1570, the Easter Vigil was determined with the components of fire consecration - Lights celebration - Liturgy of the Word (Old Testament) - Taufwasserweihe - Liturgy of the Word (New Testament) - Eucharist - Vesper. Also on Maundy Thursday was the deadline for 1570 now only Mass of the morning.
A significant change in the Missale Romanum was the. During the years 1951 to 1957 under Pope Pius XII carried out reorganization of the liturgy of Holy Week and the Easter Vigil.
In the course of the liturgical renewal in the 20th century, the resurrection ceremony on the morning of Holy Saturday was increasingly seen as inappropriate. Firstly, the early time of celebration led to the resurrection celebration was the middle of the day the actual Grabesruhe Christ, on the other hand was then further fasted despite the Easter rejoicing in the Holy Mass, because the Easter fasting ended at midnight. The faithful were also able to the morning worship services of the Triduum Sacrum usually do not participate because Good Friday and Holy Saturday were now often become regular business days. The most important celebrations in the church year that is often found instead of a pure cleric services.
Already in the 1930s there was therefore experiments at the community level with a relocation of the Resurrection celebration at the Easter Vigil. In the 1940s, the concern was presented to the Pope. Pius XII. instructed the Congregation of Rites in 1946 with the revision of the Ordo Sanctae Hebdomadae, the liturgical order for the Holy Week. On February 9, 1951, the Congregation issued at the behest of the Pope issued a decree for the restoration of the Easter Vigil. The regulations were first " ad experimentum " for one year, 1952, they were extended for three more years. On 16 November 1955, the Congregation of Rites issued the General Decree Maxima Redemptionis nostrae mysteria with which the whole liturgy of Holy Week has been recast in a Ordo hebdomadae sanctae restitutus ( "Renewed Order of Holy Week" ). The Ordo occurred on Palm Sunday, March 25, 1956 in force. A significant innovation was the arrangement of a hora competens ( " reasonable time") for the liturgical celebrations. So now the Mass of the Last Supper, the Celebration of the Passion and death of Christ took place on Maundy Thursday again held in the evening ( at least 16 clock, no later than 20 clock ), on Good Friday to biblical traditional hour of death of Jesus (the " ninth hour " = 15 clock ) and the resurrection celebration on the night of Easter Sunday. This was to ensure that all believers could more easily participate in the celebrations and worship not Saepe of clerics ecclesiarum Aulis quasi desertis would ( " often in empty, abandoned churches " ) consummated.
In addition, the headings and measurement forms were changed significantly, not by restoration of a certain stage of their development history, but taking into account the pastoral benefit.
Liturgical changes
Liturgical clothing
The deacon and subdeacon wore folded chasubles or not a broad stole ( " Stole largior "), but as is usually the dalmatic and Tunicella. In the liturgy after the Second Vatican Council, this provision was then completely, ie also for the Advent deleted.
Changes in the liturgy of Palm Sunday
The number of prayers for Palm consecration was reduced and the Weihepräfation was omitted entirely. Until 1955 was the consecration of a Palm Missa Sicca and took place on the epistle side of the high altar. After 1955, this took place at a different location than the subsequent exhibition, such as on a credenza in the church or a chapel. These red was defined as the liturgical color for Palm consecration and procession to highlight the idea of the kingdom of Christ. For the fair, the liturgical color remained until the Second Vatican Council violet. When moving into the church under the remained three-time waiting with the shaft of the now no longer veiled violet processional cross at the closed church door. Also, the reading of the Passion was read shortened, the relevant sections were then read in the Holy Mass Holy Week. The Passion of Palm Sunday will now begin the transition to Gethsemani.
Monday of Holy Week
The Prayer "Against the persecutors of the Church" ( "Contra persecutores Ecclesiae " ) in the show was abolished.
Tuesday and Wednesday of Holy Week
When the reading of the respective Passion ( according to Mark and Luke), the portion of the Last Supper is eliminated.
Maundy Thursday
The laying of the foot-washing ( Mandatum ) in the Mass of the Lord's Supper was the most significant change. This rite can be accomplished since then, not only in the Episcopate and departments but also in parish churches. The consecration of the holy oils in cathedral churches was no longer part of the Mass of the Last Supper, but was completed in the Missa chris matis on the morning of Holy Thursday. The oil was ordained (such as the Palm consecration ) is no longer at the high altar, but to a sideboard instead. For the transmission of the Blessed Sacrament only a single host is no longer used, but the ciborium, which additionally contains consecrated Hosts for the celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in Holy Fair.
Previously was customary for the priest placed the Host on Good Friday in the cup which he covered with an inverted paten and a Palla and this cup was a corporal, which was fixed with a band around the cup handle, enclosed. The denudation of the altar and the altar cross and candlesticks now be removed in contrast to earlier rite.
The Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament on Repositionsaltar (so-called " Mount of Olives hour " ) to end at midnight, and will not continue until the Communion celebration on Good Friday, according to a decree for belonging recommendation. Even the jewelry is to be significantly reduced at midnight or the repository should be eliminated entirely.
Changes in the celebration of the Passion of the Christ
Also in the " intercession for the Jews " bend the faithful now the knee. The altar is covered only to the Great intercessions with an altar cloth. Previously, it was already established in the early celebration during Prost ratio. In the Good Friday liturgy no incense used. The Cross worship have been simplified to that instead of a simple double knee bend was. The use of a purple cushion with the grave cloth symbolizing white linen cloth in the cross worship omitted. The hl. Communion in the form of pre- converted shares will be donated to the faithful. The Communion ceremony has been simplified, the elevation of the ( vorverwandelten ) under Host remained, like drinking wine unkonsekrierten by the celebrant. Another change concerned the liturgical vestments and their color. Deceit of the priests before the reform almost during the entire celebration a black chasuble (which he alone on the cross worship took off ), carried the celebrant after the reform in the first part of the celebration no liturgical robe, but only alb and stole (black). At the Great Intercessions, which were no longer prayed to the epistle, but in the middle of the altar, the main celebrant then put on a black coat and choir for Communion celebration a purple (!) Kasel. Deacon and subdeacon wore accordingly dalmatic and Tunicella (black to the intercessions, violet for Communion celebration ), the folded chasubles (black) and the stole largior were abolished in the Good Friday liturgy. Also new was that Deacon and subdeacon no longer straight staggered behind the celebrant stood on the steps of the altar, but flanked deb celebrant during the Great Intercession on both sides.
Easter Vigil
The Easter candle is prepared on Easter fire outside the church and also already used for lighting celebration. Until then, was consecrated on Easter fire, only the five grains of incense, the Easter candle, however, only in Exsultet. The lighting ceremony was previously performed with a three-armed candleholder, which symbolized the three Marys and the Trinity. The paschal candle had their place is no longer on the Gospel side, but the middle of the choir of the church. The twelve readings from the Old Testament were reduced to four. After the Second Vatican Council, whose number was again increased to seven. In the Litany of the Saints no longer have any appeal and their response were sung twice, the litany has now sung at the beginning of the celebration of baptism; When Taufwasserweihe the water was allowed to be ordained in a suitable vessel in the choir room. On the celebration of baptism follows by Pius XII. Renewal of Baptismal Promises introduced the faithful.
Dissemination of the reforms of Pius XII.
In the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, the liturgy of Holy Saturday is still celebrated in the morning, as a native of the 19th century status quo for the time use of the Holy Sepulchre by the various denominations of installation precludes. The communities in full communion with the Pope, who celebrate the liturgy in the extraordinary form, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter, the Holy Week liturgy commit after the reorganization of Pius XII. Similarly, the Society of St. Pius X, which has no canonical status in the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy Week liturgy according to the rite before 1955 is celebrated at sedisvakantistischen groups such as the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. Communities such as the Anglo- Catholic movement within the Anglican church did in the 19th century the Holy Week liturgy according to the Roman model as its own, but the reform of Pius XII. 1955 not mitvollzogen.