Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, also Guyton - Morveau (* January 4, 1737 in Dijon, † January 2, 1816 in Paris) was a French chemist and politician.
Life
Louis Bernard Guyton was the son of the lawyer Antoine Guyton (1703-1768) and his wife Marguerite Desaulle.
Guyton visited Dijon in a Jesuit College ( Collège jésuite ) the Collège des Godrans à Dijon. In 1763 he published a poem in which he attacked the Jesuits, Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le croque Jésuite, Poëme herói - comique en vers et en 6 chants.
Before the revolution, law graduate, lawyer général was a member of the city of Dijon and worked on the Encyclopédie méthodique. He worked from 1755 until 1782 as a lawyer and local politician, after a meeting with Georges- Louis Leclerc de Buffon de Morveau was inspired for the natural sciences.
He was interested in the industrial applicability of the chemistry and developed the carbon chemistry (carbon chemistry ), with and developed one of the first chemical naming systems. In addition, he was employed by a mining company. During the Revolution he was a deputy of the department of Côte- d'Or in 1790 in the French National Assembly, which he was president for a short time. He voted for the death of the king. He also founded the École Polytechnique and the École de Mars and was active in the Comité de salut public for the modernization of Sciences. In 1798 he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred.
Louis Bernard Guyton was from 1797 to 1798 and from 1800 to 1804 director of the École Polytechnique. In 1799 he was administrator of the Monnaie de Paris. In 1783 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( Kungliga Academy of Engineering ).
Services
In 1782, he developed a system of chemical nomenclature, until then gave example the names of the different chemical substances little or no regard to the composition of the materials.
Guyton de Morveau contributed to the modification of the Wedgwood scale, a temperature scale for higher temperatures, such as occur for example in the manufacture of porcelain.
In 1783, he found that platinum was to win by a simple process; he showed that platinum was allowed to melt at a lower heat when mixing the metal grains with ground arsenic and potassium or potash.
He also dealt with issues of applied chemistry; so, the use of coke for smelting cast iron one in France ( 1771), organized the production of saltpeter in Dijon ( 1778-1780 ). To remove the decay odors from the church Saint Médarde de Dijon, he recommended in 1773 that chlorine fumigation, fumigatio chlori. The chlorine gas he set free from sodium chloride (NaCl ) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4 ).
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau opened in a former hotel in Dijon, a chemical laboratory. It was opposite the residence of Jean -Baptiste Courtois (1748-1807? ), The father of the chemist Bernard Courtois. Jean -Baptiste Courtois was employed as a demonstrator and later in the function of a Wizard Morveaus chemistry Academy from 1775.
De Morveau sat down with the phlogiston theory apart, so in the digressions académiques ou sur quelques sujets essays de Physique de Chemistry more. ( 1762).
He developed in 1782 for his saltpetre a titrimetric method for the determination of the content of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO ) in the mother liquor. This mother liquor was with an alkali metal carbonate (see, alkali metals), as long as added to the impregnated as indicators of serving and Fernambuk turmeric tincture of paper, pH -dependent, their color changed. The consumption was then determined by weighing. In a second trial, he determined the hydrochloric acid content of the solution and precipitation titration (see also precipitation reaction ) alone with lead nitrate solution (see lead (II ) chloride ). From the difference of the two Wägetitrationen he could calculate the amount of nitric acid in the mother liquor. For volumetric determination of the carbon dioxide content ( CO2) in the water by a controlled addition of lime water and turbidity envelope, he developed an early form of the burette; He called the device gaso - mètre. It consisted of a cylindrical glass tube and is provided with measurement units strip of paper was attached to the back of the glass tube.
Ballooning
G. de Morveau was commissioned by the Académie de Dijon to build a " sail - balloon " in his design, he tried the balloon by sail and a vertical rudder to steer. The balloon had a diameter of 29 meters and was filled with hydrogen gas.
On Sunday 25 April 1784, he launched together with Claude Bertrand ( also Abbé Bertrand ) ( 1755-1792 ) on its first flight. With the same balloon, M. Guyton - Morveau made a second ascent on Saturday, June 12, 1784, this time accompanied Charles André Hector Grossart de Virly ( 1754-1805 ), President of the Court of Dijon, présidente la chambre des comptes of the Year 1780 the rise in gas balloon. In 1794 he was at the newly established balloon corps, compagnie d' aérostiers the French revolutionary army involved, he himself drove in a balloon during the Battle of Fleurus on June 26, 1794 and supported in several other battles.
Works (selection)
- Digressions académique ou sur quelques sujets essays de Physique de Chemistry more & d' Hist. Nat. Dijon, ( 1762)
- La vie privée d'un prince célèbre ou Détails des Loisirs du prince Henri de Prusse dans sa retraite de Rheinberg. Veropolis, (1784 )
- Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le croque Jésuite, Poëme herói - comique en vers et en 6 chants. ( 1763)
- Éloge du président Jeannin, lu discours aux publiques séances de l' Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon, the 12 août 1764 et 15 décembre 1765th (1766)
- Elemens de Chemistry more. Dijon, (1777-1778)
- Observation de la crystal lisation de fer. De l' Imprimerie Royale (1780 )
- Défense de la volatilité you phlogistique, ou Lettre de l' auteur of digressions. (1772 ) ( Online)
- Guyton de Morveau, L.B.; Chaussier, FB: Description de l' Académie de Dijon aérostate: contenant le détail of procédés, la théorie des opérations, les dessins des machines & les procès - verbaux d' experieces. Académie de Dijon, Chez Causse ( 1784) ( Online)