Macaronic language
Called Makkaronische seal (from the Latin macaronicus, Italian macaronico, maccheronico ), in Early New High German also " noodle Verses" ( " nuttelverse " Johann species ), is poetry comic or burlesque style that mixes two languages to achieve a comic or parodic effect by the morphology and syntax of a language, usually of Latin or any other language of social distinction, based on the vocabulary of another language ( vernacular or dialect) transfers.
History
Language mixing of this type already encountered in the Middle Ages as a comic style means, such as characterizing the expression of scholars, lawyers and doctors, in which case the language from the point of view of Latin as clumsy kitchen Latin, from the perspective of the vernacular, however, as stilted and easier on the deception people directed effort to appear to the appearance of professionalism and scholarship. In the Italian Renaissance, which introduced the concept ( Tifi Odasi, † 1492 Macharonea ), initially developed by authors from Padua and surroundings, then also from other northern Italian regions makkaronische poetry to a literary art form. Main representative was the Benedictine Teofilo Folengo (1491-1544), the macaronicum as the base language of his Opus ( 1st version in 1517, fourth and last appeared posthumously in 1552 ), a highly cultivated literary Latin relexifizierte with words from the Italian literary language and from his Venetian dialect.
The Italian representatives (especially Folengo ) appeared throughout Europe. In Germany Johann species was one of the first who, influenced by François Rabelais, smaller samples macaroni shear " Nuttelverse " presented. An outstanding work of German - Latin macaroni shear seal, also a masterpiece of early modern parody of the genre of ancient epic, the Floïa was then (about: " Flohiade, flea epic" ), which in 1593 published an unknown Low German author under the pseudonym Gripholdus Knickknackius and soon in various low and high German editions circulated.
The 16th and 17th century was the heyday of macaroni between poetry. The majority of macaroni between texts emerged at this time in the German language area, where German was combined not only with Latin but also with French and Baltic states with Estonian ( Jacob John Malm, 1796-1862 ).
In the 19th century, the tradition lived on in the students' language, especially in corruptions of Latin. Foothills there well into the present, for example, Harry C. Schnur Carmen heroico - macaronicum (1969 ), a Latin- German wedding song. More recently, particularly the borrowing of English words with German inflection ( " a tougher type", " file fully downloaded " or " downloaded " have ) a grassierendes, sometimes referred to as " Denglish " colloquial and ( computer ) times linguistic phenomenon, which is then used for humorous or satirical, exaggerated imitations.
Macaronic in the broader sense
To denote the type by not actually macaronic, but only in a broader sense it is mixture of languages , the words or phrases from one or more foreign languages embeds without at the same target or adapt their morphology and syntax of the base language, such as in the famous Christmas song In dulci jubilo, the German with embedded Latin phrases mixed and can rhyme with each other:
As in the wider sense " macaronic " can be about even in the prose style of speech Martin Luther describe how it is used in particular in the transcript of its after-dinner speeches to express in which he abruptly, often in mid-sentence, between German and Latin back and herwechselt what bilingualism here can apply to little more elaborate, spontaneous speech as an expression of ( oral ).
Text Examples
Johann fish species:
From an anonymous Certamen studiosorum cum vigilibus nocturnis ( " quarrel of the students with the night watchmen ", 1689):
Makkaronik in the broader sense ( largely without morpho- syntactic matching) from a German -Czech folk song: