Manor

A manor (Latin praedium nobilium immersive equestrium ) was an estate, with the possession of which were connected by statute or common law certain privileges of the lord, especially tax exemptions and the ability parliament.

Structure and Formation

In the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation should be created with the transfer of a manor certain privileges for the owner, especially exemptions from the otherwise adhering to rural estates taxes and farm loads. This should be offered initially to compensate for the Middle Ages the land-owning knighthood 's obligation to knight services. The knights were obliged as vassals and Ministeriale for the feudal lords for military service on horseback, and later also to cash benefits ( Knight's Horse funds ). In addition, further privileges were related to the knight goods. In particular, the country estate law, Patrimonialjurisdiktion, the local police force and often also the right of patronage was connected in the stalls orders of the Middle Ages and in some areas until the early modern period with the goods. These privileges whose possession were originally given as a personal rights by belonging to the nobility, were with time in the form of a real right as an accessory of the manors themselves viewed ( nobilitas realistic ).

Since the 14th century the old Lehnsheere were replaced by mercenary troops, which led to the end of the knight service. Then the lords of the manor applied to the management of their agricultural goods often. With the disappearance of the knight service also associated with the manor privileges were considerably limited or completely eliminated in most states. Hence the knights economic goods were taxed later. Importance had the manors but continue to exercise the political participation law in the state legislatures. There, the lords of the manor were the knights within the Estates. In Prussia and in other countries were held because of their importance for the estates and scenic elections lists of manors, called Rittergutsmatrikel as directory of the relevant goods and landowners with special feudal privileges. Only the enrolled landowners stood to the country estates of. While originally could only be a noble lords of the manor, later could also acquire Civil manors. In the 17th century there were bourgeois estate owners, since the second half of the 18th century, the number rose sharply. With the acquisition of a manor also associated with the real estate rights were transferred to the new owner now bourgeois. In the more modern constitutions, as in the Prussian constitution of 1850, the law in a particular representation of the lords of the manor was often completely abolished in the state legislatures. In Prussia, the manors came after that have significance for the district and provincial assemblies. Estates in Prussia mostly formed their own local legal estate districts that existed in addition to the rural community of mostly the same until about 1929. In Mecklenburg, who had never formally belonged to Prussia, the general country estates of the landed gentry still existed until 1918.

The economic operation of the most far-flung estates of such goods required certain buildings. This usually consisted of a manor house or building managers, stables various types and sizes, barns, a distillery, dairy buildings and the necessary housing for the workers. At installation of goods, there was the principle that the establishment and maintenance had to be procured from the proceeds of the estate and the income limits therefore not allowed to be exceeded.

Preconditions and prerogatives

With the manors certain obligations and privileges were connected. At the Well constitutional powers in the form of real rights were tied - rights, tion states that only the respective owners of a particular property. The constitutional powers were thus directly related to the plot and went in transmission accordingly over to the new owner.

A manor had to have a minimum size to allow the usually aristocratic owner of an independent and thus befitting existence; the possible additional exercise of a civil profession was irrelevant here. In Prussia, this minimum was at the end of the 18th century between 40 and 80 acres ( 10 to 20 hectares), in each case depending on the soil quality and the laws of each country's provinces. Another requirement is that so-called castrum nobile, so the existence of a mansion. In Brandenburg counted around 1900 a manor from a land tax net gain of 1,500 marks annually to large estates; this was a fundamental property of 100 to 200 acres condition depends on the soil quality. The scheme was not handled strictly.

At a manor belonged especially the liberation of peasants and public burdens (taxes, quartering, Fronen etc. ) to which the knight service had formerly been regarded as equivalent, further country estates of, patrimonial, hunting justice, fishing, brewing justice, and other spell rights.

Comparable Gutsformen

More Gutsformen were the allods, the spread in Schleswig -Holstein noblemen good and the Kanzleigut. In the Bavarian kingdom circle there was the Hofmarken and country aces goods. The Hofgüter the rulers were called domains or chamber goods.