Marius Nygaard (academic)
Marius Nygaard (* September 13, 1838 in Bergen, † February 7, 1912 in Christiania ) was a Norwegian teacher and linguist.
Youth and career
His parents were the skipper and later a merchant Mads Nygaard Christensen (1793-1875) and his wife Maren Behrens ( 1806-1875 ). He married on 5 August 1863 in Bergen Elizabeth ( " Elise " ) Martin (28 July 1842-9. May 1923 ), daughter of bank employee William Martin (actually Thistel Ole Bergmann ) ( 1801-1872 ) and his wife Elizabeth Maren ( "Elisa" ) Maxwell ( 1805-1873 ).
Marius Nygaard combined practical teaching activity and research on the syntax of Old Norse language. He had a decisive influence on the spelling reform of 1907, which broke with the Danish written language.
Nygaard grew up in Bergen. After the exam of Arts in 1855, he studied philology in Christiania in 1861 and put his degree from. After graduation, he was from 1862 to 1863 teachers on an hourly basis at the cathedral in Bergen. 1864 to 1876 he was an assistant teacher at the cathedral in Kristiansand. A year later he became head teacher and moved to Halden, where he was from 1877 to 1894 Rector of the Gymnasium. 1894 to 1910 he was rector of the Latin and junior high school in Drammen. He also taught Latin, and together with Jan Johansson and Emil Schreiner wrote in 1887 a Latin dictionary, which even today is the default dictionary in Norway with its fourth edition in 1998.
The language reformer
During his studies Nygaard was in the circle of mountain -sian language innovator who founded 1868 " Vestmannalaget " (Society of Westman ). He was a follower of Ivar Aasen and was opponents of Knud Knudsen Norwegisierungsplänen. The Westman sought a stronger attachment to the Old Norwegian in Landsmål. In his correspondence with Ivar Aasen, this turned against going too far in his view, ideas of mountain Sichen language innovators.
1867 Nygaard put a draft for a grammar of Landsmål, where he had the criticisms Aasen considered. A brief presentation of this grammar appeared in the same year in Bergen, the first book, which was published in normalized Nynorsk. As a member of the Teaching Council (he was its chairman from 1904 to 1908 ), he sought a closer consideration of the Landsmål in the classroom, but was mainly concerned with the reform of the traditional written language is concerned.
As a linguist herself Nygaard dealt with the syntax of the Norrøn. 1865 and 1867 published two volumes of his syntax of the language of the Edda and from 1879 to 1900 a series of individual studies, which were all preparatory work for his Norrøn syntax of 1905. He conducted research in this area until the end of his life. His posthumous papers were published in 1917.
In 1898 he became a member of the Commission, which should take on the proposal of a spelling reform for the Riksmål, which had been presented by several researchers position. He put 1900 a generally positive opinion. However, the Ministry was concerned at first not so. As the parties Høyre Venstre and then had taken 1906 Norwegianization the language in their party program, Nygaard suggested the government to draw up a program for spelling reform before. He was commissioned with others to develop a proposal, and the result is the spelling reform of 1907.
He was also active in local politics and sat in the parliaments city of Kristiansand, and Drammen Halden.
Honors
Marius Nygaard was in 1877 a member of the Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, from 1880 a member of the Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania (now the Norwegian Academy of Science ) and from 1889 a member of Det kongelige Nordiske oldskriftselskab in Copenhagen. It was founded in 1890 Knight 1st Class of the Order of St. Olav and in 1910 the commander of the 2nd class.
Works
- Eddasprogets syntax, 2 volumes, Bergen 1865-1867
- Kortfattet fremstilling af det norske Landsmaals grammar. Bergen 1867
- Kortfattet fremstilling af the oldnorske Formlære. Bergen 1871
- Oldnorsk grammar til Skolebrug. Bergen 1871
- Oldnorsk Læsebog for Begyndere. Bergen 1872
- Udvalg af norrøne the literature for Latin -og Realgymnasier. Bergen 1875 ( 18th edition 1972)
- " Betydningen above Brugen af Verbet munu ". In: Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og History 1878, pp. 259-303
- "Om Brugen af det Saakaldte present tense particip i oldnorsk " In: Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og History 1879, pp. 203-228
- "Om Brugen af conjunctively i oldnorsk ". In: Arkiv for nordisk Filologi Volume 1 (1883 ), pp. 113-149 and 314-351, Volume 2 (1884 ), pp. 193-206 and 356-375, Volume 3 (1885 ), pp. 97-120
- Latinsk Ordbog ( together with J. Johansson and E. Schreiner ). 1887 ( 4th edition 1998)
- Sproget i Norge og i Fortid nutid. Bergen 1890
- " Udeladelse af subject, " subjektløse " sætninger i det norrøne sprog ( the klassiske saga style ) ", In: Arkiv for nordisk Filologi Volume 10, 1893, pp. 1-25
- Norrøn syntax. 1905 ( reprint 1966)
- Bemerkninger, rettelser supplementer og til min Norrøn syntax. ( posthumously ) 1917