Masyumi Party
Masyumi ( according to the old spelling before 1972: Masjumi ), actually an acronym for Majelis Syuro Muslim Indonesia ( " the Consultative Council of Muslims of Indonesia " ), was an Islamic party in Indonesia that existed between 1945 and 1960 and returned to the same Muslim representative body representing the Japanese military government had created in November 1943 in order to control the Muslims of Indonesia better. The party was banned in August 1960 by President Sukarno after they had supported the late 1950s regional uprisings of the " Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia " ( Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia / PRRI ).
The Masyumi as a representative body under Japanese occupation
As early as 1937, various Islamic- nationalist organizations in the Dutch East Indies " Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia " ( Madjelis Islam A'la Indonesia - Miai ) had joined forces. Once in March 1942, Japanese troops occupied Java, the Japanese military government to further strengthen those anti- Dutch Islamic groups and to mobilize for their anti - Western political and military goals sought. In March 1942, the military government created an Office of Religious Affairs, the so-called Shūmubu, which was made in October 1943 under Indonesian leadership. A month later the Masyumi was launched, which was designed as a successor organization to the Miai, which, however, was open only to organizations, which the Japanese military government had granted an official status. These included the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU ) and the modernist Muhammadiyah and two smaller organizations. Muslim scholars were able to join the Masyumi personally, but only after receiving permission from the Shūmubu. Chairman of the Masyumi the NU chairman Hasyim founding Asy'ari was appointed.
After September 1944, the Japanese government announced its plan to prepare Indonesia for independence, Masyumi held in October 1944 a meeting in Jakarta from, in their final declaration, the target was held to prepare the Indonesian Muslim community to bring " freedom for Indonesia and the to receive freedom of the religion of Islam. " With the support of the Japanese military government Masyumi founded in December 1944, a volunteer corps, the Barisan Hizbullah ( " The front of the Party of God " ), whose aim should be to achieve the solidarity of the Indonesian Muslim community in accordance with the precepts of Islam, at the side of Japan to fight for the cause of God and to realize the independence of Indonesia.
The Masyumi was the Japanese military government but in the following months so that they began to compensate to strengthen secular groups too powerful. In the 62 -member committee for the preparation of Indonesian Independence ( Badan Penyelidikan Usah Persiapan Kemerdekaan ), which was established on 1 March 1945 the Masyumi was represented by only six members, so that his influence in this body was relatively limited. The system presented by Sukarno as representatives of the secular faction on June 1, concept of Pancasila, which not Islam, but in general the belief in a deity ( ketuhanan ) should be the religious element of the state ideology, accepted the representatives of Masyumi in the Supervisory Board on 22 June. , after it had been through the so-called " seven words " ( Tujuh kata) added. The added phrase stipulated that the followers of Islam in Indonesia in addition the obligation should be imposed to follow the Shariah of Islam. This compromise to satisfy the Masyumi members of the Committee is as the so-called " Jakarta Charter " known.
In the following weeks, however, the Masyumi experienced a political process of erosion, and some non-Muslims as well as Muslims who came from the outer islands, protesting against the " seven words ". That's why were on August 17, 1945, when the draft constitution was discussed in public, the "seven words " shall be deleted from the preamble.
Start a party
Meeting the aspirations of Sukarno, his Indonesian National Party ( Partai Nasional Indonesia - PNI) to make single party, within which all social conflicts should be solved by the principle of consultation, were the representatives of the major Muslim organizations ( NU, Muhammadiyah and from the Sarekat Islam emerged PSII ) in Yogyakarta opposed by the foundation of the Masyumi as a party on 7 November 1945. In less than a year, most members of this party developed in Indonesia.
The political orientation of the party can be seen from different programs and manifestos. In the founding program of the Muslims were encouraged to "fight for the cause of God " ( berdjihad fisabilillah ), which was certainly meant in the sense of the struggle for independence. The 1946 program emphasized the need for the realization of the ideals of Islam in state affairs, " so that a system of government can be created, which is founded on the sovereignty of the people, and a society is created that is based on justice according to the teachings of Islam. " The program also contained a number of progressive demands: a minimum wage for workers, limiting the work week, Social Security, an agricultural law for the protection of small farmers and the improvement of agricultural methods.
A political manifesto of June 6, 1947 criticized the rights enshrined in the Constitution Pancasila ideology: " The Republic of Indonesia, the majority of whose population belongs to Islam must have a constitution that is based on principles that are consistent with the religion and not the teachings of Islam disagree " on the General Assembly in March 1948, the debt to the government has been charged to introduce compulsory in primary and secondary schools religious instruction.
Subsequent development
According to the understanding of its founders the Masyumi should be the only political Islamic party in Indonesia. By and by various members of organizations from Masyumi however came off again and founded their own parties. The first cleavage occurred within in July 1947, when a number of members under the leadership of Wondoamiseno and Arudji Kartawinata the old Partai Islam Indonesia Sarekat ( PSII ) refounded in order to participate in the leftist government of Amir Sjarifuddin can. After 1949, the party council ( Majlis sjuro ), in which many religious scholars were represented, had been devalued to a purely advisory body, the NU retired in April 1952 from the Masyumi back and re-formed as a party. The immediate reason for the separation was the dispute over the post of minister of religion in the Cabinet of Wilopo.
Modernist Muslims Muhammadiyah now began to dominate the Masyumi getting stronger. According to the statutes of August 1952, the Masyumi defined as a party that is founded on Islam and aims to " realize the doctrine and law of Islam in the life of the individual, society and the Republic of Indonesia as a state to to obtain in this way the good pleasure of God. " In the parliamentary elections of 1955 Wahle reached 20.9 percent of the vote, making it the second largest party behind the PNI, which received 22.3 percent. In the years after the election of Masyumi remained most of the time in opposition.
Although rivaled Masyumi, NU and PSII as parties to each other, but there were times also to cooperate. Thus, the three parties agreed together with the Sumatran party Pergerakan Tarbiyah Islamiyah ( Perti ) prior to the elections of 1955, to refrain from any attacks aufeineinander. In the Constituent Assembly, which was convened in November 1956 in Bandung in order to draft a permanent constitution for Indonesia, which was to replace the one from 1945, Masyumi reunited with the other Islamic parties to replace the Pancasila as the basic principle of the state by Islam to leave. Against this Islamic bloc formed within the Constituent another block, which advocated the preservation of the Pancasila as constitutional principle. Neither of the two blocks applied to the time required for a constitutional amendment two-thirds majority, so that Sukarno the Constituent Assembly in July 1959 finally broke up and as a consequence proclaimed the principle of guided democracy. The Masyumi had offered in 1958 compromised by supporting regional uprisings of the PRRI as a political force and was disbanded in August 1960.
After the ban
After the party was banned former members and supporters founded named after the former party logo " Half Moon Star Family " ( Keluarga Bulan Bintang ) to fight for the enforcement of Islam and Sharia law at the state level. At the beginning of Suharto's reign there were attempts to reestablish the old Masyumi party, but this was prevented by the state. After the fall of Suharto in 1988 former members of the Masyumi founded as a successor party, the " Crescent Star Party" ( Partai Bulan Bintang ), who participated in all subsequent elections, but so far has never achieved more than 2.5 percent of the vote.