Mobile Web
Mobile Internet ( english mobile web ) refers to the provision of the Internet or any part thereof (eg World Wide Web) on mobile devices like especially laptops, mobile phones and tablets.
- 2.2.1 UMTS and HSPA enlargement
- 2.2.2 Long Term Evolution ( LTE)
- 2.2.3 WiMAX
- 2.3.1 LTE-Advanced
History
The mobile Internet is closely linked to progress in the evolution of the mobile technology. Already in the 1990s it was possible to access to the phone via the GSM network to the Internet, even though at first. Merely as CSD data connection at low speed The introduction of GSM extensions HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE brought a significant speed increase.
Other important development steps were the introduction of UMTS in 2002 and it HSDPA and HSUPA building in 2006. Thus settled with a maximum of 7.2 Mbit / s download and up to 1.45 Mbit / s Upload surf the internet.
Since 2007, presented several mobile operator its mobile network to UMTS or HSDPA building on it to. For mobile phones that were technically usually already equipped for, this was not a true replacement for a stationary computer or a notebook but because of the small size of the screens and the still underdeveloped ergonomics. In addition, the surface coverage was low in Germany, so that just the mobile use in aircraft, car, train mostly remained limited to queries and sending emails. The latter, also concerned laptops.
In Austria, the (stationary used ) mobile internet access via HSDPA was stronger, there were in early 2008 about 28 percent of all broadband mobile. However, the most specified in the product possible transmission speeds were according to a study of Labour in 2008, " in no single measurement only approximately achieved ". In Switzerland, there were 2009 with Apple and swisscom legal tethering.
According to a study by the consulting firm Accenture in 2008 had 62 percent of Germans a web-enabled cell phone. But out of that group only 13 per cent, mobile to go online. 2010 Accenture came in a follow-up study to the conclusion that 69 percent of Germans have a mobile phone with Internet access, of which 18 percent also took advantage of the mobile Internet. That changed with the advent of smartphones. Such handsets contain a web browser and dominated usually GPRS and UMTS, but at least EDGE. WLAN has been integrated more and more frequently. According to the Accenture study of users share among iPhone owners is 91 percent. With other touch screen devices be they nevertheless still have been 55 percent. According to the Federal Statistical Office mobile Internet use in Germany between early 2009 and 2010 was increased from nine to 17 percent. 2010 had, according to a survey conducted by TNS Infratest eleven percent of Germans a smartphone. For 2011, the industry association BITKOM of 10 million smartphones sold in Germany. Meanwhile, the base of app users is growing, according to a study by research2guidance fifteen times faster than the stationary Internet users.
Access technologies
Second generation (2G)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
→ Main article: General Packet Radio Service
A packet- oriented transmission service that is used in the field of mobile communications. GPRS technology allows in practice a data transfer rate of up to 55.6 kbit / s
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
→ Main article: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
A technique for increasing the data rate. With EDGE, GPRS to E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS) to be expanded. In practice this means an increase of the data rate of up to 236.8 kbit / s
Third generation (3G)
UMTS HSPA and expanding
Another way to realize the mobile Internet, is Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS ) dar. With the expansion of High Speed Packet Access (HSPA ) are download rates of up to 7.2 Mbit / s (with HSDPA ) and upload speeds of up to 1, 45 Mbit / s ( HSUPA ) is possible.
Since the beginning of 2010, several providers offer mobile Internet access via HSPA . HSPA is an extension of HSPA, and is also known as HSPA Evolution known. About HSPA are possible data transfer rates of up to 28 Mbit / s downlink and 11 Mbit / s in the uplink. However, currently offered HSPA is based on the standard Release 6 with a maximum downlink of 14.4 Mbit / s and a maximum uplink of 5.76 Mbit / s From Release 7 HSPA up to 28 Mbit / s are theoretically possible.
Long Term Evolution ( LTE)
→ Main article: Long Term Evolution
Compared to the alternative technology is WiMAX LTE enable wireless service providers a cost-effective evolutionary migration path from UMTS HSPA to LTE. LTE support, in contrast to UMTS different bandwidths and can be used flexibly in different spectra future. At the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona Ericsson demonstrated first time in 2008 an end-to -end connection with LTE and compact mobile devices. It was demonstrated data rates of 25 Mbit / s in the uplink and downlink. The Global mobile Suppliers Association assumed that the end of 2010 up to 19 upgraded to LTE mobile networks will be in operation around the world. 2012 recruit providers already with transmission speeds of 100 Mbit / s download, which are not achieved in practice so far.
WiMAX
→ Main article: WiMAX
WiMAX is discussed as a mobile alternative to DSL lines and UMTS connections. The supply radius of a base station in urban areas is usually 2-3 miles. All users involved must share the available bandwidth of UMTS.
4th generation (4G )
LTE-Advanced
→ Main article: LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced is an extension of LTE, the theoretical data rates up to 1 Gbit / s allows.
5th generation ( 5G)
The 5th generation of mobile telephony is supposed to be ready for market by 2020 and achieve data rates of up to 1 gigabit per second. That would be about 10 times as fast as the current LTE standard. The techniques are being developed and are still in the research. Samsung has already announced that under laboratory conditions 5G data transfer would be successful.
Wi-Fi
→ Main article: Wireless
Another option is the mobile Internet Wi-Fi. Via so-called hotspots you can with notebook or mobile phone on the move dial into the Internet. A wireless community is eg FON hotspots worldwide with 300,000 and 30,000 of them in Germany. In many hotels, railway stations, airports, etc. Today, fee-based or free hotspots offered. Since 2012, the German railway seeks to provide in a few selected trains fee-based internet via hotspot, with moderate success. Original advertising: " The German Railway and the German Telekom build together from the Internet in ICE. Until the end of 2014 is expected to be equipped with broadband Internet Technology 255 ICE trains, and 5,200 km ICE ( core ) network. "
Femtocell
→ Main article: femtocell
A femtocell (English femtocell ) is a private UMTS cell. It is a small transmitting and receiving station for UMTS, which extends in a relatively small, private areas, such as in their own home, the power of the respective mobile service provider. The femtocell is additionally involved in public mobile communications networks, so that a seamless handover of a connection between that and the private UMTS network takes place. The use is possible with any 3G or UMTS capable mobile device.
Satellite access
→ Main article: Internet access via satellite
Internet access via satellite is regarded as another way to implement the mobile Internet. This possibility is used, for example, of journalists, academics, charities, etc. in remote areas. The cost is high and relatively low speed.