Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
The Mutessariflik Jerusalem ( Turkish Kudüs -i Serif Mutasarrıflığı; Arab متصرفية القدس الشريف ), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status which was founded in 1872. The district included Jerusalem ( Kudüs ) and the other main towns of Gaza, Jaffa, Hebron, Bethlehem and Beersheba. During the late Ottoman period was the Mutessariflik Jerusalem together with the Sanjak of Nablus and the Sanjak of Acre commonly referred to as " Southern Syria " or " Palestine" region. [ Nb 1]
The district was first cleaved from Damascus, 1841 Konstantin Opel reports directly and formally created in 1872 as an independent province of Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha. The reasons for the removal were different, among which were the western European interest in the region and later to strengthen the southern borders of the Ottoman Empire against the Chedivat Egypt.
Originally the two Sanjak of Acre and Nablus were combined with the province of Jerusalem and called the new province in the court registers as " eyalet Jerusalem." [ Nb 2] From the British consul, this was seen as a foundation of " Palestine in a separate eyalet ". [ Nb 3]
However, after less than two months, the Sanjak of Nablus and Acre were again separated and attached to the Vilayet of Beirut, whereby only the Mutessariflik Jerusalem remained. 1906 Kaza of Nazareth to the Mutessariflik Jerusalem was annexed an exclave, especially to enable the issue of a single tourist permit for Christian travelers.
The political status of Mutessarifliks of Jerusalem was unique compared to other Ottoman provinces, as it came under the direct rule under Constantine Opel, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The inhabitants identified themselves primarily according to religious criteria. The villages of the district were inhabited usually by farmers, while the city 's population was composed of merchants, craftsmen, landowners and moneylenders. The elite consisted of the religious leaders sponsorship, prosperous land owners and senior civilian officials.
The Mutasseriflik had an area of approximately 20,000 km ² in 1897 had a total population of 298 653, in 1914 about 400,000.
History
The district was initially split in 1841 from Damascus, Constantinople Opel reports directly, and in 1872 formally established as an independent province. 1872 Before the Mutessariflik of Jerusalem sanjak within the vilayets Syria was officially ( founded in 1864 after the Tanzimat reforms).
The southern boundary of the Mutessarifliks Jerusalem was redrawn in 1906 at the instigation of the British, who were interested in securing their imperial views by the border was made as short and manageable as possible.
Towards the end of the 19th century, spread the idea that the Palestine region or Mutessariflik Jerusalem formed a separate political entity, formed under the Arabic class. 1904 founded the former Jerusalem officials Najib Azuri in the French capital Paris, the Ligue de la Patrie Arabe ( " League of Arab patriots" ), whose aim was to rid the Ottoman Syria and Mesopotamia from Turkish rule. 1908 suggested Azuri before the elevation of the vilayet Mutessarifliks status after the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Parliament.
The area was conquered in 1917 during World War II by Allied forces and a military and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration ( South Oeta ) was used to replace the Ottoman administration. Oeta South consisted of the Ottoman Sanjak of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military government of 1920 and the area of the South in 1923 Oeta territory of the League of Nations Mandate Palestine - with some border adjustments to Lebanon and Syria.
Confines
Four contemporary maps show the " Quds al -Scherf Sancağı " or " Quds al - Sherif Mutasarrıflığı ". The four maps show the boundaries of 1860 between Ottoman Syria and Egypt Chedivat, although the border was established in 1906 advanced to the present border between Israel and Egypt and the area was referred to the north of the Negev as " Filistin " (Palestine).
1893
1900
1907
The entity was from the west by the Mediterranean Sea, the east by the river Jordan and the Dead Sea from the north by a mountain lake to the bridge over the Yarkon Jorden near Jericho, and from the south by a line from the center of the Gaza- Arish after Aqaba limited. [ nb 4]
Administrative divisions
Administrative units of the Mutessarifliks (1872-1909):
1 Kaza of Beersheba ( Ottoman قضا بءرالسبع, Turkish Birüsseb ' kazası, Arabic قضاء بئر السبع ), with the two sub-districts and a Munizip:
- A- Hafir ( Ottoman ناحيه حفير, Turkish Hafir nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية عوجة الحفير ), founded in 1908 as the midpoint between Beersheba and Aqaba, near the newly agreed upon limit to Sinai
- Al - Mulayha founded in 1908 as a new center between Hafir and Aqaba
- Beersheba ( Ottoman بلدية بءرالسبع, Turkish Birüsseb ' Belediyesi, Arabic بلدية بئر السبع ) founded in 1901
2 Kaza of Gaza ( Ottoman قضا غزه, Turkish Gazze kazası, Arabic قضاء غزة ), with three sub-districts and a Munizip:
- Al - Fallujah ( Ottoman ناحيه فلوجه, Turkish Felluce nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية الفالوجة ) founded in 1903
- Khan Yunis ( Ottoman ناحيه خان يونس, Turkish Hanyunus nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية خان يونس ) founded in 1903 and Munizip from 1917
- Al - Majdal ( ناحيه Ottoman, Turkish Mücdel nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية المجدل ), founded in 1880
- Gaza ( Ottoman بلدية غزه, Turkish Gazze Belediyesi, Arabic بلدية غزة ) founded in 1893
3 Kaza of Hebron ( Ottoman قضا خليل الرحمن, Turkish Halilü'r kazası Rahman, Arabic قضاء الخليل ) with two sub-districts and a Munizip:
- Beit itab ( Ottoman ناحيه بيت اعطاب, Turkish Beyt -i a'tâb nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية بيت عطاب ) founded in 1903
- Beit Dschibrin ( Ottoman ناحيه بيت جبرين, Turkish Beyt -i Cireyn nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية بيت جبرين ) founded in 1903
- Hebron ( Ottoman بلدية خليل الرحمن, Turkish Halilü'r Belediyesi Rahman, Arabic بلدية الخليل ) founded in 1886
4 Kaza of Jaffa ( Ottoman قضا يافه, Turkish Yafa kazası, Arabic قضاء يافا ) with zeri sub-districts and a Munizip:
- Ni'lin ( Ottoman ناحيه نعلين, Turkish Na'leyn nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية نعلين ) founded in 1903
- Ramla ( Ottoman ناحيه رمله, Turkish Remle nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية الرملة ), founded in 1880, was before 1888 Munizip, was established in 1889 as a new sub-district
- Lydda ( بلدية Ottoman, Turkish Lod Belediyesi, Arabic بلدية )
5 Kaza of Jerusalem ( Ottoman قضا قدس, Turkish Kudüs -i Serif kazası, Arabic قضاء القدس الشريف ) with four sub-districts and two municipalities:
- Abwein ( ناحيه Ottoman, Turkish Abaveyn nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية عبوين ) founded in 1903;
- Bethlehem ( Ottoman ناحيه بيت اللحم, Turkish Beytü'l Lahim nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية بيت لحم ), founded in 1883 and in 1894 Munizip;
- Ramallah ( Ottoman ناحيه رام الله, Turkish Ramallah nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية رام الله ), founded in 1903 and in 1911 became Munizip,
- Saffa ( Ottoman ناحيه صفا, Turkish Safa nahiyesı, Arabic ناحية صفا )
- Jerusalem ( Ottoman بلدية قدس, Turkish Kudüs -i Serif Belediyesi, Arabic بلدية القدس الشريف ) founded in 1867
- Beit Dschala ( بلدية Ottoman, Turkish Belediyesi, Arabic بلدية بيت جالا ) founded in 1912.
After 1906 the Kaza of Nazareth was added:
6 Kaza of Nazareth ( Ottoman قضا الناصرة, Turkish Nasra kazası; Arab قضاء الناصرة )
Mutessarıfen Jerusalem
The Mutessarıfen of Jerusalem were appointed by the Sublime Porte to govern the district. They had usually experience as officers and sergeants, saying little to no Arabic, but they dominated at least one European language - mostly French.
Ver the elimination of Damascus
- Süreyya Pasha 1857-1863
- Izzet Pasha 1864-1867
- Nazif Pasha 1867-1869
- Kamil Pasha 1869-1871
- Ali Bey 1871-1872
After cleavage from Damascus
- Nazif Pasha ( same as above ) 1872-1873
- Kamil Pasha ( same as above ) 1873-1875
- Ali Bey ( same as above ) 1874-1876
- Faik Bey 1876-1877
- Sharif Pasha Mehmed Rauf 1877-1889
- Resad Pasha 1889-1890
- İbrahim Pasha Hakkı 1890-1897
- Mehmet Tevfik Biren 1897-01
- Mehmet Cavit Bey 1901-02
- Kazim Bey Osman 1902-04
- Ahmed Reschid 1904-06
- Ali Ekrem BOLAYIR 1906-08
After the Young Turk Revolution
- Subhi Bey 1908-09
- Nazim Bey 1909-10
- Azmi Bey 1910-11
- Cevdet Bey 1911-12
- Muhdi Bey 1912
- Tahir Hayreddin Bey 1912-1913
- Ahmed Bey Mecid 1913-1915