Naqshbandi

The Naqshbandi Tariqa (also Nakschibandi or Nakschibendi ) is one of the many Sufi brotherhoods ( Sufi Order ) of Islam, which arose in the 14th century in Central Asia and spread further in the following centuries. It was founded by Baha -ud -Din Naqschband (1318-1389) from Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan). From it derives the Order's " spiritual chain " Amir Kulal († 1379 ), Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani († 1120), Yusuf Hamadhani († 1140 ) and one of Caliph four " pretty escort ," Abu Bakr († 634), to Prophet Mohammed († 632 ) from.

As Bahauddin Naqschband after studying in Samarkand goes to town Nasaf, he meets Amir Kulal and its students. By his own testimony, however, the Sufi Sheikh, who influenced him most not Amir Kulal, but the long deceased Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani, the Bahauddin in visions appear.

Teaching

Ghujduwanis doctrine was known under the name tariq -i Khwajagan ( " The way of the teacher"), in which he had set up the following eight principles that Bahauddin later took over as part of the Naqshbandi teachings:

Attracted the "Way of the teacher," the Tajik and Turkmen Muslims, was an important element of social integration in the Central Asian Islam, especially under the reign of Timur and his descendants ( approximately 1370-1507 ) in Samarkand, Bukhara and Herat. This period also saw the rise was the successor Naqschbands, their community, the Naqshbandi, the other communities that had formed by the creation of the Naqshbandi, in the following centuries, partially repressed or partially recorded in it.

The Naqshbandi showed up with their tendency to religious penetration of everyday life and for controlled schariagemäßen life as a world-oriented community, which gained great political, economic and cultural impact in many areas.

After the death of Amir Kulal Bahauddin Naqschband became his successor. The former dervishes formed the core of the group, which became the Naqshbandi Tariqa later.

Even if the Naqshbandi Tariqa sober and orthodox and thus artistic activities (especially music and Sema, the "dance" of the Whirling Dervishes, see also Mevlevi ) not to the extent reception are like other Sufi orders, so still were the leading artists on Herat court to this Order. Known Naqshbandi dervishes were, for example, the poet Jami († 1492) and Mir Dard († 1785 ).

Practices

A significant part of the Naqshbandi Tariqa is the silent dhikr ( remembrance of God ). This is opposed to the loud dhikr, as it is practiced in the other Sufi brotherhoods and is attractive due to its various songs and instrumental accompaniment to many people. The silent dhikr goes back to an incident of the Prophet Muhammad, as he seeks to escape from his Meccan persecutors refuge in a cave. In order not to betray themselves by loud voices, the Prophet his only companion Abu Bakr in the practice of silent dhikr one.

Another important peculiarity of the Naqshbandi Tariqa is Suhbat (Turkish sohbet ). This is an intimate conversation between the Sheikh and his Dervish, which is conducted at the highest spiritual level. The Naqshbandi are themselves convinced that their way with the exact observance of religious duties would lead to the " perfection of prophethood ."

History

Very early members of the Order were mingled in the Central Asian politics, and as the 15th century Ubaidullah Ahrar († 1490 ) took over the management, Central Asia is dominated by the Tariqa. He used strong relationships with the Timurid prince Abu Said and the shaibanitischen Uzbeks, which was crucial for policy development in the mid-15th century. Even in the realm of the Mongols there were members of the Order, because there Yunus Khan Mughal was a Naqshbandi dervish.

Shortly before 1600, the Order also gained a firm foothold in India. Besides the already mentioned poet Mir Dard was another person from the city of Delhi the famous Shah Waliullah († 1762), who additionally a member of the Qadiri Tariqa. This translated the Koran, the holy book of the Muslims, into Persian, thus a large number of non- Arabic- speaking Muslims understand this book and follow his commandments could.

Presence

To date, the Naqshbandi play a significant role in the religious life in the Middle East. According to Anatolia, the Tariqa was brought by Molla Ilahi († 1409 ), where they still entertain in Turkey today despite the ban adopted in 1925 by its founder Atatürk, Dervish centers, trailer has. There, prominent politicians such as Turgut Özal and Necmettin Erbakan had close relations with the Naqshbandi Sheikh Mehmed Zahid Kotku († 1980). Also the formation of movements Nurcu Cemaati and Süleymancılık have their roots in the Naqshbandi.

In Syria, is the Grand Mufti of the country, Ahmad Kaftaru (* 1912), at the head of a separate branch of this Brotherhood, a major international education center in Damascus. In Iraq, militia of the Naqshbandi have formed an alliance with the US-led Izzat Ibrahim ad -Duri remnants of the Baath Party in 2007, and together they fight against both the U.S. occupation forces and the of them backed government and against al - Qaeda.

In Germany and in the U.S. especially the followers of Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al Cypriot - Qubrusi al - Haqqani are ( * 1922 ) is active. He has a bigger circle German converts to Islam who maintain a publishing house and bring out his writings in German translation. They are also organized in association Haqqani Trust. He is with your own foundation, the Haqqani Foundation, represented the various branches, a publisher and a private study center in Michigan maintains in the United States.

In Uzbekistan, the historical legacy of the Naqshbandi after the end of the Soviet Union has experienced a significant appreciation. Your ethics is emphasized by officials as a key element of national culture and as a local counterweight to international Islamist currents and propagated. The grave of Bahauddin Naqschband at Bukhara has become a national monument. It also serves as an international pilgrimage center for Naqshbandis from around the world.

Spiritual lineage of Bahauddin Naqshbandi

Known Naqshbandi

• Turgut Ozal, former Prime Minister of Turkey
• Necmettin Erbakan, former Prime Minister of Turkey
• Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey
• Sheikh Ubeydallah, Kurdish leaders
• Sheikh Saeed, the spiritual leader of Kurdish
• Imam Shamil
• Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al - Haqqani Qubrusi al -
• Irina Tweedie, author of Daughter of Fire
• Llewellyn Vaughan -Lee, student of Irina Tweedie
• Idries Shah, author of The Sufis
• Omar Ali Shah
• Annette Kaiser