Nikolay Dollezhal

Nikolai Antonovich Dolle scarf (Russian Николай Антонович Доллежаль; * 15.jul / October 27 1899greg in Omelnik, Russian Empire, now in the Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine, .. † November 20, 2000 in Moscow ) was a Soviet- Russian energy technician contributed to the construction of the first Soviet atomic bomb and later worked as chief designer of the Soviet graphite-moderated nuclear reactors. The most famous line from his reactor development is the RBMK.

Biography

Dolle scarf completed a degree in engineering at the National Technical University of Moscow in 1923. From 1925 to 1929 he worked in various design offices, before in 1929 he took a trip to Europe and was subsequently arrested in 1930. In January 1932 he was released and was a director of several factories in Kiev, Leningrad and Sverdlovsk. In 1943 he was appointed director of the Institute for Chemical drives ( химического машиностроения ) in Moscow. The Institute was established in 1946 affiliated to the project for the construction of the Soviet atomic bomb. Together with Igor Kurchatov, he constructed the first nuclear reactors ( built in the Nuclear plant Mayak ) in which the plutonium was obtained for the construction of the first Soviet nuclear explosive devices. From 1950 he developed nuclear reactors for use in submarines. With the participation of Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov took Dolle scarf from 1949 the scientific work for the first nuclear power plant in the world in Obninsk. The design of the reactor was taken over by Kurchatov, in a vote choice on a graphitmoderiertes model fell against the will Kurtschatows. It opened in 1954 on the operation.

In the same year he designed a light-water reactor, which was small enough for use in a submarine. In 1958, the run by Dolle scarf since 1952 research and design institute for Energotechnik ( NIKIET ) nuclear power plant EI -2 ( Tomsk -7) take into operation, the next generation of military usable fissile material for civilian energy generation by use of in the production of plutonium waste heat produced was suitable. In 1958 Dolle scarf also the nuclear power plant in Troitsk in operation. This system is based reactors from his own development. The plant was already being used to produce electricity on a larger scale, the main purpose of the system, however, has also been the production of plutonium.

In 1964 Dolle scarf nuclear power plant Beloyarskaya in operation, the first reactor was used for the first time for the direct production of electricity by type AMB -100. A special property of the reactor was that he worked with superheated steam (→ BWR ). This construction resulted in the AMB -100 technical problems. Therefore, in 1967 the second reactor with 200 MW capacity was commissioned in a revised and slightly improved version of the first block in operation in Beloyarskaya. Since the first reactor models did not work economically enough Dolle scarf took along with Alexandrov to develop a high power reactor in attack, which later became known as RBMK -1000 with a capacity of 1000 MW. The development of pressurized water reactors VVER has already begun at this time. However, Dolle scarf and Alexandrov was the head of the most influential institutions of the Soviet Union in the nuclear power industry, which is why the development of the components could be made much faster for the RBMK than for the VVER. Another reason for the preference of the RBMK was that there were far more supporters of Shawls Dolle technology.

In 1973, the first time took the RBMK -1000 model in the Leningrad nuclear power plant near St. Petersburg to operate on, and in the following years, 16 more reactors of this line. After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, six more projects were canceled with RBMK reactors. In the same year Dolle scarf was unofficially because of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in retirement. The management of the institute named after him took over Yevgeny Adamov Olegovich.

Nikolai Antonovich Dolle scarf was buried after his death in 2000 in a simple grave in a small cemetery near Zvenigorod, west of Moscow.

Awards

Throughout his career, Dolle scarf received among other titles twice the Order of Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1984), who was one of the most highly endowed civilian awards of the Soviet Union.

Publications

  • Доллежаль Н.А. et al: Развитие энергетических реакторов типа Белоярской АЭС с ядерным перегревом пара ( development of nuclear reactors of the type of Belojarsker nuclear power plant with nuclear steam superheating ). III. Международная конференция ООН по использованию атомной энергии в мирных целях; Доклад № 309. 1964
  • Энергетика будущего ( The future of nuclear energy), magazine « Наука и Жизнь ' ( Science and Life ), 5/1964
  • Н.А. Доллежаль, И.Я. Емельянов: Канальный ядерный энергетический реактор, Москва, Атомиздат, 1980
  • Из воспоминаний ( About Memories ) magazine " Наука и Жизнь ' ( Science and Life ) 10/1985
  • У истоков рукотворного мира ( At the roots of the created human world) magazine " Знание " (knowledge), Moscow, 1989
  • Трисекция угла ( trisection of an angle ), magazine « Наука и Жизнь ' ( Science and Life ) 3/1998 (online)
Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station
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