Nuclear power in Germany

The list of nuclear reactors in Germany includes nuclear power plants that have been in operation, or nuclear power plants operating without recording and research reactors.

Survey

In Germany, approximately 110 nuclear facilities were commissioned in 1957-2004. Distinction must be made between nuclear reactors for power and research reactors. The first nuclear reactor of the Research Reactor Munich in 1957 went in Garching near Munich in operation. The nuclear power plant went bald in February 1962 as the first nuclear power plant connected to the grid. The last commercial nuclear reactor in 1989, the block 5 of the Greifswald nuclear power plant has been synchronized with the grid. The training reactor Dresden received the 2004 as far last research reactor 's operating license.

On January 1, 1960, the Act came on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy and the Protection against its Hazards ( Atomic Energy Act short ) came into force. Since then it has been amended and supplemented. Since the agreement between the Federal Government and the power companies on 14 June 2000 ( the so-called nuclear consensus )

Is time limited the use of existing nuclear power plants.
Applies a new ban ( no permits for the construction of new nuclear power plants)

Research in the field of nuclear technology is unaffected by the nuclear consensus. The nuclear energy Consensus Agreement sets out an even amount of electricity to be generated ( "residual current amount" ) determined for each nuclear power plant. Basically, these so-called residual amounts of current can be transferred from older power plants to newer, reversed only in exceptional cases. If a nuclear power plant generates its allocated balance amount of power must be switched off. The agreements made were implemented by the law for the orderly termination of the use of nuclear energy for the commercial generation of electricity from 22 April 2002.

At that time it was envisaged that the original 19 commercially used nuclear power plants be shut down by 2021. Two nuclear power plants, and Stade Obrigheim were shut down in 2003 and 2005; of Unit 2 of the nuclear power plant Neckarwestheim should go as a last resort by the network. Thus were the end of the government of the SPD in 2009 is still 17 commercially used nuclear power plant units and 11 research reactors, of which 6 lessons reactors in operation.

The black-yellow majority in the Bundestag decided on 28 October 2010 a term extension after it has been previously approved by the federal cabinet black and yellow. On average, the nuclear power plants should his twelve- years longer in operation as of the nuclear consensus of 2000, concluded between the red-green government ( Schröder / Fischer) and the nuclear industry, was agreed. On 8 December 2010 the law on term extension of Federal President Christian Wulff was signed. The SPD-led states Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, North Rhine -Westphalia and Rhineland -Palatinate ranged against this law on February 28, 2011 complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court.

Due to the nuclear accident in Fukushima, the Chancellor announced on March 15 a "nuclear moratorium " with, so that the seven oldest German nuclear power plants during the moratorium should be switched off - this probably did not meet the legal because the government does not readily a statute enacted by Parliament may set aside the law. This atom moratorium included a further limited to three -month suspension of the life extension and the shutdown of the seven oldest German nuclear power plants during this moratorium. The hereof, among other affected group RWE filed on April 1, 2011, a lawsuit against the shutdown of the nuclear power plant Biblis A to the competent Hessian Administrative Court. RWE relied on the lack of legal basis for the moratorium.

With the entry into force of the amendment to the Atomic Energy Act on August 6, 2011, the seven oldest nuclear power plants in Germany and the nuclear power plant crumbs finally lost its operating license. The plan to hold up a of the blocks as a reserve, was rejected by the Federal Network Agency in late August 2011. The remaining nine blocks must now be switched off in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act until the end of 2022 at the latest.

Nuclear power plants

Nuclear power plant called all power reactors and prototype systems that are used for commercial power generation. The highlighted reactors are in operation.

* The dismantling of the power plant building delayed because currently (2012 ) is arguing for the dismantling concept. In February 2013, the year was named in 2015 as the target for the completion of the main activities.

Planned ** dismantling of Reaktorbauten except the primary circuit until 2017, interim storage of the integrated reactor vessel internals for at least another 30 - 60 years restructuring plan of strontium - contaminated soil / groundwater from 2015, for details see AVR_ ( Jülich)

Nuclear power plants operating without recording

This list contains planned nuclear power plants, for which a permit application has been filed and rejected, as well as nuclear power plants, some of which were built or completed but never went into operation. Deposited dark gray are those nuclear power plants whose construction began.

Research reactors

" Research reactor" is called nuclear reactors, which do not serve the power generation, but mainly for research purposes ( nuclear and material- technical studies, isotope production for medicine and technology ). The following list is sorted by the commissioning of research reactors. Yellow marked reactors are still in operation.

As of August 2010 Source: Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Information KernEnergie

In addition, a number of experimental reactors were constructed during the Second World War in the German uranium project, but not all of them were critical. The last of these was the research reactor Haigerloch, a heavy water reactor, which was built by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in March / April 1945 in a rock cellar in the Hohenzollern Haigerloch.

Type of reactor

PWR = pressurized water reactor: When pressurized water reactor is the water of the primary circuit, which is used as a refrigerant under high pressure.
BWR = boiling water reactor: The boiling water reactor coolant water is transformed into steam in the reactor and to directly drive the turbine.
Zero power reactor: A reactor with very low thermal power, which is used for training and research purposes. This type of reactor has due to the low power even in the cleavage zone virtually no increase in temperature, and therefore are unnecessary systems for heat dissipation.
TRIGA: A research reactor of the pool - type in which the security is guaranteed by the laws of nature and not by engineering measures that could be bridged.
HDR = steam - boiling water reactor: A boiling water reactor with integral nuclear superheat.
Homogeneously: a reactor in which the fuel is present as a mixture with a moderator or coolant.
HTR = High Temperature Reactor: In the high-temperature reactor, the reactor core is cooled by the inert gas helium, which flows through the ball bed ( bed of spherical fuel ) is heated.
HWR = Heavy Water Reactor: A reactor type in which heavy water is used as coolant and moderator.
HWCR: heavy water moderated, CO2 - cooled pressure tube reactor; in the reactor, the fuel elements are located within a number of tubes in which the coolant circulates ( CO2 gas).
MTR: A material test reactor with a very compact reactor core to achieve the maximum neutron flux density.
Pool: The fuel elements are immersed in an open pool of water, so that about interventions and experiments for research and education are possible.
SBR = fast breeder reactor: Nuclear fission occurs with rapid, unchecked neutrons.

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