Öömrang

Öömrang ( in German also Amrumer Frisian outdated, Amring ) is a dialect of the North Frisian language, which is spoken on the island of Amrum in the district of North Friesland. Together with the dialect Fering on the neighboring island of Foehr is the Öömrang one of the ten major dialects of the North Frisian language, while it is part of the island Frisian branch. Öömrang is spoken by about 600 people. All Öömrang Speakers are at least bilingual, that is, they have mastered at least also high German. Öömrang refers to the Frisian name for Amrum, Oomram.

• 4.1 Article
• 4.2 pronouns 4.2.1 Personal pronouns
• 4.2.2 possessive
• 4.2.3 demonstrative
• 4.2.4 interrogative
• 4.2.5 relative
• 4.2.6 Indefinite

• 4.5.1 infinitive
• 4.5.2 present
• 4.5.3 preterite 4.5.3.1 weak conjugate verbs in-i
• 4.5.3.2 Weak verbs conjugated with endung loose basic form
• 4.5.3.3 Strong conjugated verbs
• 4.5.3.4 Modal auxiliary verbs

• 5.1 Examples of linguistic relationship
• 5.2 Number of words
• 5.3 Language Example

Spelling

A Frisian Einheitsorthografie is for the Öömrang today mostly used, which was established almost throughout North Frisian language area after the Second World War. It follows different principles than the German or Dutch spelling. Short vowels are written with simple spoken vowel ( as in lun, country or the final -e in infinitives ), long spoken vowels are represented by doubled vowel ( for example, in Skuul, school).

Some peculiarities of the Öömrang

• There are numerous diphthongs ia and as a Triphthong uai (eg in spuai, divination )
• The use of the umlaut is often

Lute

Vowels

A distinction is Öömrang vowels according to whether they occur in a stressed syllable or unstressed syllable.

In the accented syllable vowels following occur:

• In short: a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü
• Lang: aa, ee, ee, ii, oo öö, uu, üü
• Triphthong: uai

In unstressed syllable before coming:

• E ( a / o containing e), in unstressed words and a small written as ew as diphthong ao pronounced as hualew, half; i (s - i -containing ), ö (only in prefix promote, ver - ).

Consonants

The occurring in Öömrang consonants are listed below.

• B, CH, d, dj, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, NJ, p, r, s, s j, t i, t j, w

Here, dj, nj, sj and tj palatalized ( ie j- softened similar ) consonants. nj is pronounced as French / Italian gn. sj is pronounced in modern Öömrang like sch in German, while tj as the two ch in English church sounds. The dj is the soft form of the tj. Lj the former has been replaced by l.

The r (similar in Bavarian or Italian ) a rolled front tongues -R.

S in word-initial sharp, in word final position inside and partially voiced. b / p, d / t and g / k are also in the Wortauslaut - unlike the Germans - a clear distinction.

The final -w is in stressed syllables (compare vowels ) to a short u, as in leew, dear. By w some diphthongs are to be spoken Triphthongen how Liaw, believe.

Grammar

Article

There is only one indefinite article: en as en sark, a church.

Furthermore, there are two types of specific items: dental loose items as well as dental products. The article is called a dental loose, or before neuter singular nouns at, for example, a prääster, the pastor at hood, the head ( but: uun't hood, in the head).

The dental article is called analog or di det as di ual maan, the ( that ) old man, det ual dör that (those ) old door. The dental article is used when the noun has already been mentioned.

After prepositions sometimes lacks the definite article, such as bi strun, on the beach - an ancient train of the North Frisian island.

Pronoun

Personal pronouns

There are, unlike the Germans, only one subject form and object form of the personal.

Examples: ik, mi, me, me / me dü, di, du, dir / you, hi, ham, him, him / it

The personal pronouns are sometimes shortened: ik becomes k, dü to 't, and so on.

Possessive

The possessive pronouns there are two forms. The a- form is in front of male nouns in the singular; otherwise the i- form is used: one, min, mean, dan, din, yours, and so on. An example of the distinction between the two forms: one maan, my husband, but min wüf, my wife.

In the plural, there are also two forms that relate to whether a family or larger community is meant: üüs jongen, our children, but üsens skuulmääster, our teacher.

Demonstrative pronoun

The demonstrative is formed as in Danish: in the singular dihir, jühir, dethir, this, this, this, in the plural dönhir this. These forms are partially into disuse.

Interrogative

The interrogative pronouns are hoker? , Who, who, who?, And hög? , Whose?

Relative

There are only a common relative pronoun, wat, of which das., diar The form is outdated. This is in German a preposition before the relative pronoun is in Öömrang Huar (actually where): det Hues huar'er uun WeNet, the house in which he lives.

Indefinite pronouns

Examples of indefinite pronouns are ham, man, hoker someone hög, some (compare the interrogative ), wat, something. The German word each (r) is distinguished in Öömrang: uun strength Hues in every home, but uun eder hun, in each hand. If there are two copies, as with the hands, eder used. eder match the UK Either ( Either in hand ).

Nouns

The nouns have only one each form in the singular and plural. The plural form is for male nouns formed by the suffix -er, as aapel, aapler, apple, apples. Individual male plural forms are, however, formed with - s. , As büür, büüren, Farmer, farmer. Another rare form plurals are formed with -s, as naiber, naibers, neighbor, neighbors.

The plural of nouns female is always formed with - s ( hun, Huns, chicken, chickens). This is also true for most outlying nouns, with exceptions such as Hues hüseng, house, houses.

Adjectives

In most cases the basic form of the adjective used. If the adjective between an indefinite article and a noun is masculine ,-en is appended. Examples: wüf to Aarm, a poor woman, and di Aarm maan that ( those ) poor man, but maan to aarmen, a poor man.

Verbs

Infinitive

The verbs, unlike other Germanic languages, two infinitive. The infinitive I stands after auxiliary verbs and usually ends in the unstressed -i, or it is endingless. The infinitive II stands by tu, to, and is formed by adding- s or - s: swaari, answers, on tu swaarin to answer.

Present

The present tense corresponds to the infinitive I. Exceptions are the second and third person singular ending - est or most on -et. Also the imperative singular is formed to the shape of the infinitive I: ik swaari, dü swaarest, hi swaaret, wi swaari (I, you, he, we will reply ), and so on, as well as: Swaari, Reply! The plural form of the imperative is formed by adding- m or- em how Swaarim! , Answer me!

Preterite

The forms of the past tense are identical up to the second person singular.

Weak conjugate verbs in-i

In weak verbs ending in -i, the participle with the Präteritumsformen is identical: ik swaaret, dü swaarest, hi swaaret, I, you, he replied, and ik haa swaaret, I answered.

Weak verbs conjugated with endung loose basic form

Präteritumsform and participle are the same here. There are two cases:

• The regular diffraction, ie, the stem vowel remains unchanged: swääm, swäämt, swäämd, swimming, ( he ) swimming, ( he ) sponge / ( he is) swum,
• Rik, rikt, rikt, smoking, ( he ) smokes ( he ) smokes / ( he ) smoked
• Sowing, sowing, sowing, set, ( he ) is, ( he ) sat / ( he ) set

• Sai said, sait, saad, say ( he ) says ( he ) said / (he has )
• Bring, brangt, broocht, bring ( it ) brings ( he ) brought / ( he ) brought

Highly conjugated verbs

These verbs and participle Präteritumsform differ. There are seven classes of strong verbs diffracted from which the classes are four to six fused in Öömrang. The allocation to a class is based on the type of ablaut in different times. In another group are verbs that do not fit into one of the classes.

• Surfaces, braided, floog, flaanj, flying, ( it ) flies, ( he ) flew, ( he is) flown

• Finj, fant, foon, fünjen, find, ( he ) is, ( he ) was, ( he ) found

• Kem, komt, kaam, Kimen, come, ( he ) comes, ( he ) came, ( he is) came

• Luup, lääpt, lep, lepen, run (s) running, ( he ) was, (he's ) gone

• Sa, sjocht, SIIG, sen, see, ( he ) sees ( he ) saw (he has ) seen

Modal auxiliary verbs

The modal auxiliary verbs are inflected according to a different scheme:

• Mei, mai, meest, mai maad, Maaden, like, ( I ) like, (you ) like, ( he ) like ( s) liked ( he ) liked

Vocabulary

The Öömrang spoken is for non- Öömrang spokesman can hardly understand. The vocabulary is reminiscent of Low German, English, Danish or Dutch words jütisch - or has roots in Germanic languages ​​precursor.

Examples of linguistic relationship

• English Wäärnsdai, Wednesday, efter, after, status, dental, kai, key

• Maintained German (Low German ), but earlier German meaning bian, fish bone ( also: leg ), frinjskap, kinship, hööw tu tion, go to church

• Jütisch - Danish, Low German or Dutch foomen, girls, Kleeb, Kiss, jonk, dark, trinj, round, ial, fire

• Jütisch - Danish dring, boy, jul, Christmas, bradlep, Wedding

• Low German Boowen, above, snaaki, speak, dörnsk, living room (originally Slavic )

• Dutch Eilun, Island, kop, cup, klöör, color

• Words without equivalents in other languages gratem, loud, stirmi, smell, aran, at home

• New creations After the Second World War, there were attempts to transfer modern German neologisms into Öömrang. For "Auto" was romelwaanj (about: lumber wagon) proposed for " TV " widjluker (about: television ). These terms have and can not say how other modern terms are in Öömrang also used as a German -speaking foreign words.

Number words

Important or prominent cardinal numbers are: ään (male ), otherwise ian, one, dew, two, trii, three, sjauer, four, fiiw, five, sääks, six, sööwen, seven, aacht, eight, njügen, nine, tjiin, ten, Elwen, eleven, twaalew, twelve, trataanj, thirteen, twunteg, twenty, ianantwunteg, twenty one, dörteg, thirty, föfteg, fifty, tachenteg, eighty, Hunert, hundred, düüsen thousand.

Language example

Text of a verse of a song home ( identical to the text in the photo) with German translation:

Dü min TÜS min Öömrang lun,

Wat a üs ferareft feeders,

Läät 's roof sa dat, det ei stareft!

Jääw wi't ap, det wiar s skun,

Leew haa'k di, min Öömrang lun ( 2x).

You are my home, my Amrumer country

Always let your earth exist!

What the fathers bequeathed us

We gave it up, that would be a shame

Promotion and publications

There are some publications on Öömrang, a collection of plays and translations from other languages. In the 1970s, the magazine Fering - Öömrang Breipot appeared with contributions in Fering and Öömrang. Occasionally posts appear on Öömrang in the daily newspaper The Island messenger who appears on Foehr Wyk. The Öömrang Ferian I.F. dedicated to the protection and promotion of Amrumer language prescribed.