Pan-Americanism

Pan-Americanism describes various political and philosophical concepts with origins in the 19th century. He called movements, the political, diplomatic, social and economic relations and cooperation of mutual interest between the countries of the Americas to manufacture try. Here differ basically two different political strategies for a merger or joint policy of the American States. Its main forms are emanating from the United States ( Anglo-Saxon ) Interamerikanismus and the (Latin ) Hispanoamerikanismus South American countries.

  • 2.1 U.S. Backyard politics
  • 2.2 U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America

Hispanoamerikanismus

The Hispanoamerikanismus (also: Panhispanismus ) is based on ideas of European nationalism and romanticism. It includes various undercurrents as the Paniberismus, the efforts to unite all Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in Central America and Central America, mean the Panlatinismus which additionally includes former French colonies, or the Indioamerikanismus. The term includes Hispanoamerikanismus in his word origin, only the Spanish-speaking areas of America, but is also used synonymously for all South American Pan - movements.

Anti- colonial phase

Hispano -Americanism tables ideas are based on the political work of the South American independence fighter Simón Bolívar, the 1826/27 to the first Pan-American Conference invited to reach the confederal union of the former Spanish colonies to the United States of America. In his 1815 letter written Carta de Jamaica, in which he called on European countries to support the South American struggle for independence, he formulated the idea of a Hispano-American merger. The main motive of the protection sought -won independence of Central American regions before the Spanish crown and other European powers can be considered. The Panama Congress, which was held in 1826 at the instigation of Bolivar, was a first attempt to bring together Hispanic-American interests. The personally controlled by Bolívar conglomerate of South American States (now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia) broke 1830 national interests apart. After 1838 also fell the Central American Federation. Separatism and regionalism of the Latin American countries were offset by the Hispano-American concept. The Bolivian concept of Latin American integration, however, remained a many subsequent theorists admired model.

Anti- imperialist phase

1891 formulated the Cuban José Martí in his essay Nuestra América (Our America) a new, anti- imperialist Pan-Americanism, which was directed primarily against the increasingly accessing to Central America superiority of the United States. He distanced himself thereby of terms such as Latinoamerikanismus or Hispanoamerikanismus and pleaded for the expression of Nuestra América, which should include Iberian, Latin American and indigenous traditions. José Enrique Rodó, Blanco Fombona, José Vasconcelos Pedro Henríquez Ureña and stressed in the first half of the 20th century in their works the specifics of Mestizaje ( the blending of Hispanic and indigenous Etnien ) and detachable, sometimes prominent, stand over other peoples. Che Guevara attacked the anti - imperialism Martí later. In the 80s, formed on the initiative of some Latin American intellectuals the Contadora Group to resolve military conflicts in Central America without involvement of the United States. From it went forth 1986, the Rio Group, the members of 22 Latin American countries today.

Interamerikanismus

Inter -Americanism tables theories deal with mergers at the level of the entire American continent. Sometimes the term Pan-Americanism is also used synonymously for this sub- form. The Interamerikanismus is younger than the Hispanoamerikanismus and sees its origins in the history of ideas Simón Bolívar's Pan-Americanism.

American Backyard politics

Frequently, the North American Pan-Americanism is seen as a pioneer of U.S. intervention in Central America. Based on the Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. began in the 1820s an intense interest in politics in the Latin American "backyard". 1823 prevented this policy a French intervention in favor of the collapsing Spanish colonial empire, in 1865 they forced the withdrawal of the French from Mexico and ended in 1903, the British- German - Italian naval blockade of Venezuela.

Since 1889 organizational forms exist such as the Trade Office of American Republics or the International Bureau of American Republics, the Pan American Union and the Organization of American States (OAS ). Also Pan American conferences were held jointly with the Latin American representatives, beginning in 1889 with the first conference in Washington. The OAS is the U.S. Secretary of State before ( until 1923 officially, since in fact ). Especially in Central America and the Caribbean, this policy has led to numerous direct military interventions by the U.S. and the economic penetration. Pan-Americanism closes under the pretext of necessary reforms and overcoming cultural differences also include the promotion of the Protestant Mission in Catholic Latin America.

U.S. intervention in the Caribbean and Central America

  • Nicaragua: 1833, 1855-57, 1867, 1894, 1896, 1909-25, 1926-33, 1981-90
  • Mexico: 1845-48, 1914, 1916-17
  • Honduras: 1863, 1896, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1911-13, 1917, 1919, 1924-29
  • Cuba: 1898, 1901-03, 1906-09, 1912, 1917-19, 1921-23, 1933, 1961, 1962
  • Panama: 1901, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1912-14, 1917-18, 1921, 1964, 1989-90
  • Dominican Republic: 1869-70, 1903-05, 1907, 1914, 1916-24, 1965-66
  • Haiti: 1914, 1915-35, 1944, 1994-95, 2004, 2010
  • Costa Rica: 1919
  • Guatemala: 1920, 1954
  • Grenada: 1983

Current Panamerikanismen

Recently, a conflict funded by the United States to the American Free Trade Association ( ALCA ) and the favorite of Brazil, Venezuela and other South American countries regional group of Mercosur inflamed. Mexico is already a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA.

In Venezuela, President Hugo Chavez also in 1999 to continue the Bolivarian revolution in the tradition of Bolivar. Together with Fidel Castro in 2004, he founded the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ), which has set itself an economic integration of Latin American countries without a dominant role of the U.S. to the destination.

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