Papal tiara

The Tiara (Greek tiara, also triregnum ), Pope crown or also sometimes called Roman crown, is the previously worn on ceremonial occasions crown of the Pope.

History

Its origin lies in the Byzantine court ceremonial. The frigium, the Phrygian cap, was acquired from Persia. The preform of the tiara was a high, pointed or cone-shaped hat with gold band the Old Persian Achaemenid ( Persian kings ). Also the camelaucum, a high rank insignia East Roman official, is considered a preform of the tiara (see Camauro ). Pope Sylvester is said to have refused the diadem he allegedly offered by the Emperor Constantine.

The first Pope hoods are in 7/8 Century demonstrated. In the 8th century a camelaucum called Headwear of Pope Constantine is first mentioned in writing. It was white with gold braid; this rim was designed later to Kronreif with teeth. Around the 10th century came the first Kronreif, and towards the end of the 13th century had the tiara already two Kronreifen to see so in the fresco showing the promulgation of the Holy Year in 1300 by Boniface VIII. With three tires that were probably introduced during the exile in Avignon, is the tiara on the Tomb of Pope Benedict XII. mapped. On the back, two loose-hanging straps, so called mitres were installed. The three tires are the main tasks of the papacy symbolize: Holy, directing and teaching and the ordained ministry, the jurisdiction and the Magisterium. In another interpretation, they symbolize the divine Trinity. The liturgists agree that the tiara is an extra- liturgical headdress of the Pope. Prescribe ceremony books that the pope allowed to wear the tiara only on certain days and at certain places, but never within the Church, but only outside. When the Pope enters the church, he must take the tiara. Pope Innocent III. (1198-1216) differs quite clear: he wears the miter as a priest (per sacerdotio ) and always and everywhere, the tiara, however, on certain occasions as a ruler (per regno ). It can be seen that an interpretation of the triple crown as a symbol of the unity of teaching, priestly and pastoral ministry is wrong, because then would the Pope the Triregnum always and everywhere wear, but especially when he as a teacher, priest, and shepherd occurs in the Holy Mass, which was never the case.

The orb and the cross came in the 16th century to do so. The tiaras were the popes usually paid by their home diocese.

The transfer formula at the coronation with the tiara was created after 1560 is translated. :

"Receive the triple crown and never forget that you are the father of princes and kings, the head of the world and the governor of Jesus Christ, ..."

Inside the Vatican Museum are only Pope crowns from the period after the occupation of the Papal States by Napoleon. From fragments of destroyed older tiaras was made ​​for Pope Pius VII a new one that had to wear this 1804 at the coronation of Emperor Napoleon. Since the end of the Papal States in 1870 has been an increasing uncertainty about the correct assignment of the tiara. The papal crown had no liturgical and not really theological significance, but served as a symbol of distinction of the papacy of the ecclesiastical and secular princes, and in particular the claimed superiority of spiritual power over the temporal by the attachment of the three crowns.

Pope Paul VI. was traditionally crowned on 30 June 1963 gave away its modern design tiara ( designed by Valerio Vigorelli ), a gift from his diocese of Milan to his papal coronation, already in November 1964 during the Second Vatican Council in favor of poor people in deprived areas of the city of Rome. This date last worn tiara is in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC kept, as thanks to American Catholics for their charity in the Third World.

The two successors John Paul I and John Paul II could be not more crowned with the tiara, but led them to continue in the coat of arms. Only Benedict XVI. replaced - under the influence of the ecclesiastical heraldic Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo - also in the personal pope coat of arms, the tiara with a simple miter with three golden stripes. This recalls vividly to those Mitra, the Pope Paul VI. was the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The standard of the Swiss Guard, however, showed Benedict's coat of arms crowned with the tiara. The tiara is still part of the coat of arms of the Holy See and the State of Vatican City. The statue of St. Peter, will continue to be crowned on June 29, the feast of the apostles, and on 22 February, the feast of the Chair of each year with a magnificent tiara. This Tiara Petri is the only one still in use.

Representation

Pope Gregory X, Tiara with easy Kronreif

Pope Benedict XII. , Tiara with double Kronreif

Pope Alexander VI. , Tiara with triple Kronreif

Popes were almost exclusively mapped in the art with the tiara, as bishops were presented with the miter. Even Saint Peter can often be found again with the triple tiara on his head in church art. Illustrative example of this is the larger than life statue of Peter on the high altar of St. Peter in Munich.

Miscellaneous

Pope John Paul II in 1981, a tiara given, but which was never borne by him. His successor, Benedict XVI. , Received on 11 May 2011 during the general audience a prepared especially for him Tiara by a delegation of Catholic and Orthodox believers.

The most famous is the tiara of Pius IX. It was most commonly worn and also including the Coronation of John XXIII. used as Krönungstiara. Especially by Pius XII. , Who wore only these tiara, she became world famous by numerous photographs. This tiara is even, which was issued as the first and so far only north of the Alps.

Throughout the sessions of Vatican II, the statue was crowned in St. Peter's Basilica St. Peter at Rome, with the tiara, and wrapped in a sumptuous, purple smoke mantle. John XXIII. as a Council Father renounced compared to a Council Father Pius IX. ( Vatican I ) at the opening of the Council on the tiara as a symbol of power, was instead one of his papal mitres, and presented itself as a shepherd of the Church.

Besides the Roman Pontiff also leads the Catholic Patriarch of Lisbon since the 18th century the tiara in the coat of arms. This will, however, always represented without a key. Today it is not only shown in the coat of arms of the Patriarchate in the personal coat of arms of the reigning patriarch.