Parent

Parenting designated family sociologically the social role of a parent for his child. The maternity or paternity for one or more children divided into three areas:

• Biological parenthood results from the common conception of a child ( consanguinity )
• Legal parenthood involves parental rights and responsibilities for a child, including an adopted
• Social parenthood is the long-term acceptance of responsibility and care for a child

In a broader sense parenthood is the sum of parents whose children attend together, for example, a kindergarten or a school, or organized in a parent club: It combines their respective common interests of their children. Parenthood operates with about parents 'groups in educational institutions, for them there is also parents ' evenings.

Biological parenthood

Biological parenthood means the parental role of mother and father, taking these through common conception of a child; their child is related by blood with them.

In a natural conception and birth, there is exactly one biological mother and a biological father, both are " producers ," fachsprachlich Genitoren. In children who were conceived or fought or were born with the help of modern reproductive medicine, biological parenthood is not necessarily uniquely determine (see female egg donation, male sperm donor ). For a woman a strange egg and unsubscribe the child give birth to (see surrogate ); in this case there is no biological relationship with the child, but a legal ( see below).

The genetic relationship coefficient of parents and their biological children is 0.5: an estimated 50 percent of their genetic information are consistent (as well vollbürtigen between siblings, see also the Erbkrankheitsrisiken ). The genetic similarity between parents and children is increased when both parents are themselves already consanguineous, as this more matching genetic information inherited ( see also cousin marriage, family, marriage).

See also: cuckoo children, apparent father ( cuckoo father), Biological origin parents of an adopted child

Legal parenthood

The biological relationship and the relationship in a legal sense are them apart. Legal relationship, which includes maternity and paternity count is determined exclusively by the legislation, concerning the parentage especially in child law. A special case is the adoption of a person as an acceptance " of a child instead ," in which the legal maternity to the adoptive mother and / or fatherhood is transferred to the adoptive father ( and the part of the parents' origin goes off).

With the legal parenthood parents certain rights and duties are connected, for example custody. The legal maternity or paternity established at the same time the maintenance obligation and beyond the moral obligation to pay for the maintenance of the child, pending the outcome of his inclination corresponding training.

As a rule, the husband or registered life partner of the mother are the parents of the child in the legal sense. Deviating a man can be the acknowledgment of paternity for legal or legal father of a child, even if it is not his biological child. Depending on the legal provisions of the country in which legal parenthood can be perceived under certain circumstances, two mothers, two fathers, or of more than two parents.

Legal parents and their legal children are in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and many other countries than with each other in a straight line and in the first degree related ( mediated by one birth).

Germany

The Civil Code of the § 1591 defines motherhood that " mother of a child is the woman who gave birth to it "; this also applies to the discharge of a foreign egg ( see egg donation, surrogacy ). As a father of a child is under § 1592 paternity basically married to the mother of the man, or the man who has acknowledged his paternity, as long as this has not been successfully challenged (see paternity in German law and illegitimacy ).

The obligation to pay child support is not only for a biological father; his ability to be a legal father, was made possible by a 2001 ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court.

See also: Pedigree: belonging to a family, Child Custody ( Germany ), legal guardian ( Germany ), custody declaration, determination of paternity in Germany, child law ( Germany ), adoption ( Germany )

Austria

→ Main article: child law ( Austria ), adoption ( Austria ), maintenance in Austria

Switzerland

→ Main article: Child Custody ( Switzerland ), acknowledgment of paternity in Switzerland, child law ( Switzerland )

Social parenthood

Social Parenting refers to the parenting role of mothers and fathers who are taking this by turning to the child and by the acquisition of long-term responsibility for the child.

The distinction in social parenthood is necessary because those people who act for a child as a loving and long-term reliable caregivers in the private sphere and are called "Papa" often "mama" or are not always parents in the biological or legal sense.

Often people assume that social parenthood, when they enter into a partnership with a biological or legal parent, as after a breakup, after a death or a single mother from the beginning (see step-parents ).

In most states it is the social parents banned in certain cases, to take over the legal paternity for their social children, particularly in homosexual or polyamorous relationships with parents.

See also: Avunkulat ( uncle as a social father), foster parents, foster child, godfather, godmother, milk kinship

Religious importance of parenting

In Christianity, parenthood is understood with the resulting Christian family as the domestic church. The Catholic Church sees in a caveat against the will of parenting a lack of consensus in the marriage which leads to the invalidity of a marriage.

In Islam, the principle of filial piety plays (respect, reverence ) towards one's parents (al- birr bi- l - wālidain ) play an important role. In the Koran 31 Luqman is in verse 14 recommended to the people of Surat, to be obliged to his parents.

In Confucianism, the " filial piety " is a basic concept and takes a central place in the ethics of Confucius.