Paris (genus)

Blooming Paris polyphylla

The oneberries (Paris ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of Germer plants ( Melanthiaceae ). The genus name Paris comes either from the DC total number of flower parts (Latin par = equal ) or from Greek mythology (see Judgment of Paris ).

Description

The oneberries species are perennial herbaceous plants. The monopodial ( = with through main axis) rhizome this geophytes is different thicknesses depending on the species from buds in the axils of low- leaves erect, unbranched stems are on the rhizome top are formed, which usually do not bloom for several years and die after seed formation. On a stalk standing in just a whisk depending on the type, rarely three, four or more leaves. The stalked leaves are simple, lanceolate to ovate. On the leaf blade three main nerves and between nerves network are available. The leaf margin is smooth.

At each stalk only one terminal, stalked flower is formed. The hermaphrodite, radiärsymmetrische bloom is four to elfzählig. There are usually two circles, each with four to eleven free bloom cladding available. The outer bracts are lanceolate to ovate and are green or rarely more or less white. The inner bracts are filiform, rarely missing. There are two circles of four to eleven stamens present. The stamens are thin and flat. Four to eleven carpels are fused into a superior ovaries. The short style ends in four to eleven long-lasting stigma lobes.

There are individually standing, stalked, four to elffächrige, vielsamige, berries or berry -like fruit capsules formed that contain some or many seeds. The seeds of some species are surrounded by an aril.

Ingredients and toxicity

The whole plant is poisonous, especially the berries. The oneberries contain toxic saponins: steroid saponins and glycosides: Paridin, Paristyphnin, Pennogenin.

The whole plant was formerly used in folk medicine as a remedy for infectious diseases ( Pestbeere ). The rhizomes of many species are used in traditional Chinese medicine, the drug is called Rhizoma Paridis.

Systematics and occurrence

The genus Paris is widespread in Eurasia. Species are native to Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam, Russia and Europe. In China, 22 species occur, of which 12 are endemic. The species usually grow in the herb layer of forests or rare in moist places along rivers.

Previously, the genus Paris to the families of the asparagus plants ( Asparagaceae ) or the lily family ( Liliaceae ) was provided. Today the genus Paris belongs to the tribe Parideae that. The scope of the previous family Trilliaceae Chevall possesses, and thus belongs to the family of the Germer family ( Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. ).

The genus Paris is closely related to the genus Trillium. However, the flowers in the genus Trillium are like most monocots threes. The flowers of the genus Paris, however, are four to elfzählig.

Whether the species of the genus Daiswa Raf. are included as a subgenus within the genus Paris L. Daiswa is discussed. Here the representation of the two subgenera Daiswa and Paris. If the subgenus Daiswa is not included, then the genus Paris contains only about eleven species. The only way the former monotypic genus Kinugasa Tatev. & Suto now belongs to the genus Paris L..

  • The subgenus Paris is divided into three sections: Section Kinugasa ( Tatew. & Suto ) Hara: With only one type: Paris japonica ( Franch. & Sav. ) Franch. ( Syn: .. Kinugasa japonica ( Franch. & Sav ) Tatev & Suto, Trillidium japonicum Franch & Sav. . )
  • Section Dunnianae H.Li: With only one type: Paris dunniana H.Léveillé
  • Paris fargesii Franchet
  • Paris thibetica Franchet

There are about 24 Paris species in two subgenera ( list without division into sections):

  • Subgenus Paris: Paris axialis H.Li: Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan at altitudes 700-3000 m.
  • Paris bashanensis FTWang & Tang: West of Hubei and Sichuan at altitudes 1400 and 4300 meters.
  • Paris dulongensis H.Li & Kurita: It is endemic in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 1500 and 1600 meters.
  • Paris forrestii ( Takht. ) H.Li: Myanmar and the Chinese provinces: southeastern Xizang, western Yunnan at altitudes 1900-3500 meters.
  • Paris incompleta M.Bieb. Turkey, Georgia.
  • Paris japonica ( Franch. & Sav. ) Franch. The home is Japan.
  • Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia L.): This species has the widest distribution: Europe, Russia ( Siberia), Mongolia and the Chinese provinces: northern Heilongjiang, northern Xinjiang.
  • Paris rugosa H.Li & Kurita: It is endemic in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes 1500-1700 meters.
  • Paris tetraphylla A.Gray: Grows in northeastern Asia.
  • Paris vaniotii H.Léveillé: Myanmar and the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan.
  • Paris verticillata M.Bieb. Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia ( Siberia) and the Chinese provinces: Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, north-western Sichuan, Zhejiang at altitudes between 1100 and 3600 meters.
  • Subgenus Daiswa: They have thick rhizomes, unilocular ovary with Parietalplazentation, berry-like fruit capsules and seeds with a succulent aril. About 12 to 16 kinds: Paris birmanica ( Takht. ) H.Li & Noltie
  • Paris cronquisti ( Takht. ) H.Li: Southwest of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, southeastern Yunnan at altitudes 900-2100 m.
  • Paris daliensis H.Li & VGSoukup: It is endemic in the western Yunnan at altitudes of about 2600 meters.
  • Paris delavayi Franchet: Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan at altitudes 1300-2000 meters.
  • Paris dunniana H.Léveillé: Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan at altitudes from near sea level to 1100 meters.
  • Paris fargesii Franchet: Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan at altitudes 500-2100 m.
  • Paris luquanensis H.Li: It is endemic in north central Yunnan at altitudes 2100-2800 meters.
  • Paris mairei H.Léveillé: Guizhou, western Sichuan, northern Yunnan at altitudes 1800-3500 meters.
  • Paris marmorata Stearn: Bhutan, northern India, Nepal and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, southern Xizang, Yunnan at altitudes 2400-2800 meters.
  • Paris polyandra SFWang: It is endemic in the southwestern Sichuan at altitudes 1200-1600 meters.
  • Paris polyphylla Sm: Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and the Chinese provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang at altitude 100-3500 meters.
  • Paris stigmatosa Shu -dong Zhang: With threefold flowers. It is endemic in the eastern Yunnan at altitudes between ( 2500 to ) 2600 and 2900 meters.
  • Paris thibetica Franchet: Bhutan, Myanmar, Sikkim and the Chinese provinces: Southern Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, southern Xizang, northwestern Yunnan at altitudes 1400-3800 meters.
  • Paris undulata H.Li & VGSoukup: It is endemic in the central Sichuan.
  • Paris vietnamensis ( Takht. ) H.Li: Vietnam and the Chinese provinces. Guangxi, Yunnan at altitudes 1200-1900 meters
  • Paris wenxianensis ZXPeng & RNZhao: It is endemic in southern Gansu at altitudes 1900-2400 meters.

Pictures

Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia ):

Fruit from above.

Swell

  • Liang Songyun & Victor G. Soukup: Paris in Flora of China, Volume 24, 2000, p 88: Online.
  • Yunheng Ji, Peter W. Fritsch, Heng Li, Xiao Tiaijiang & Zheku Zhou: Phylogeny and Classification of Paris ( Melanthiaceae ) Inferred from DNA Sequence Data, in Annals of Botany, 98 (1 ), 2006, pp. 245-256: Online. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcl095
  • Zhang Shu -dong: A New Species of Paris ( Melanthiaceae ) from Northeastern Yunnan, China. in Novon 18 (4 ), 2008: 550-554 (PDF)
Judgement of Paris Ovary (botany) Digital Object Identifier
298852
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