Pentatomomorpha
Streifenwanze ( graphosoma lineatum )
The Pentatomomorpha ( stink bugs in the broader sense ) are a partial order of the bugs ( Heteroptera). The kinship group includes about 12,500 described species worldwide to 15,000, and is thus under the Cimicomorpha the second major part of Procedure of the bugs. In Europe, around 1000 species and subspecies occur. Unlike most other species of bugs is mainly herbivorous animals. For partial -order includes some of the largest land-dwelling species of bugs in the world. The group also includes some bug species with economic importance as pests in agriculture.
Features
The sensor of the animals three to five-membered, with the last two members are elongated oval or spindle- shaped and form, as a rule never flagellated. Labium is divided into four types in all clearly identifiable segments, the first of which is well developed. The tag ( scutellum ) is enlarged in the superfamily Pentatomoidea and covered in some species the entire abdomen. The forewings of long -winged ( makropteren ) individuals are always designed as Hemielytren with a hardened and a membranous part. The interruption of the Costa loader is never trained. The venation of the membranous portion of the front wing is not sometimes formed, as in many species of bark bugs ( Aradidae ). If it is present, it consists of at least five veins. Frequently they are numerous and form a anastomotic network. The Praetarsen all legs have always the same developed claws evenly curved and usually have well-developed pulvilli, which are divided into a stem-like Basipulvillus and a lamellar Distipulvillus. The channels of the scent glands on the metathorax lead to Peritremata ( projecting opening of the spiracles ) formed spongy usually. With the exception of Aradoidea the sterna of the third to seventh abdominal segment laterally ( sideways ) two trichobothria wear ( at the Pentatomoidea, with the exception of some Podopinae and a few other taxa only one) or the third and fourth sternum bears laterally or submedial two or more, and fifth to seventh sternum laterally two or more (the other sub-groups ), usually short trichobothria. They rarely are reduced in number, or entirely absent.
The eggs usually have three Mikropylen and these respective associated appendages.
Way of life
Unlike most other species of bugs are in the Pentatomomorpha mainly herbivorous animals; omnivorous and predatory species such as some types of Asopinae and Geocoridae are significantly rarer. Typically, they feed mainly on plant species of Eudikotyledonen or monocots. However, there are also species that specialize on bark ( bark bugs), to fungi ( Rhyparochromidae ) or associated with live termites ( Termitaphididae ). In many families the Lygaeoidea and Coreoidea the diet of seeds is dominant, else suck the other herbivorous species of Pentatomomorpha on the vessels of plants. Occur Like the Idea Miro from the partial order of Cimicomorpha also monophagous species that absorb only in certain plant species.
Taxonomy and systematics
A multi-gene study from the year 2012 not only confirmed the monophyly of the seven sub- systems of bugs due to molecular phylogeny, they also showed that the Pentatomomorpha is most likely related to the partial order of Cimicomorpha next. Phylogenetic relationships within the partial order are poorly understood and still largely unclear. A study based on mtDNA and rDNA from 2005 essentially confirmed the previously suspected relationships based on morphological studies. Thus, probable that the superfamily Aradoidea is in a sister group relationship to the other superfamilies, which are merged to monophyletic taxon Trichophora. This in turn divides into two relationship lines. The one includes the Pentatomoidea, the other the Lygaeoidea, Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea. The monophyly of the Pentatomoidea was confirmed that Pyrrhocoroidea proved to be polyphyletic, the monophyly of the Lygaeoidea was only weakly confirmed and the Coreoidea were polyphyletic with most of the parameters investigated.
The order comprises part by Schuh & Slater ( 1995), supplemented by the more recent work of Henry ( 1997) to the Pentatomomorpha and Grazia, Shoe & Wheeler (2008) to the Pentatomoidea following superfamilies and families:
- Partial order Pentatomomorpha (p. stink bugs i w. ) Superfamily Aradoidea Family beef bugs ( Aradidae )
- Family Termitaphididae
- Family Krumm sensor bugs ( Alydidae )
- Family boundary bugs or leather bugs ( Coreidae )
- Family Hyocephalidae
- Family glass leaf bugs ( Rhopalidae )
- Family Stenocephalidae
- Family Idiostolidae
- Family Henicocoridae
- Family Artheneidae
- Family stilt bugs ( Berytidae )
- Family narrow bugs ( Blissidae )
- Family Colobathristidae
- Family Cryptorhamphidae
- Family Cymidae
- Family Geocoridae
- Family Heterogastridae
- Family chinch bugs or long- bugs ( Lygaeidae )
- Family Malcidae
- Family Ninidae
- Family Oxycarenidae
- Family Pachygronthidae
- Family Report bugs ( Piesmatidae )
- Family Rhyparochromidae
- Family Urostylididae
- Family Saileriolidae
- Family sting bugs or abdominal keel bugs ( Acanthosomatidae )
- Family Tessaratomidae
- Family Dinidoridae
- Family Erdwanzen ( Cydnidae )
- Family Thaumastellidae
- Family Parastrachiidae
- Family Corimelaenidae
- Family Lestoniidae
- Family Phloeidae
- Family shield bugs ( Scutelleridae )
- Family sphere bugs ( Plataspididae )
- Family stink bugs ( Pentatomidae )
- Family Canopidae
- Family Megarididae
- Family Largidae
- Family Feuerwanzen ( Pyrrhocoridae )