Phaedrus (fabulist)

Phaedrus (c. 20/15 BC, supposedly in Katerini (Greece ), see life; † around 50/60 AD), probably full name: Gaius Julius Phaedrus (or: Phaeder ), was a Roman fabulist in the reigns of the emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius.

Life

According to his own statement ( prologue to book III), which are questionable to be taken literally, Phaedrus was born about 15 BC on the mountain Piero in Katerini (Greece ), was thus born Macedonians. But he seems to have come at an early age to Italy, as he reported to have students read as the verses of Ennius. Following the heading to his main work, he was a freed slave of Augustus. He drew the wrath of Sejanus, Tiberius ' mighty minister, because of some alleged allusions in his fables, was taken to court and convicted - so according to its own statement in the prologue to Book III, the Eutychus is dedicated, in whose person some scientists same famous charioteer and favorite of Caligula see. Phaedrus remained poor due to lack of appreciation of his works. He died probably around 50 AD

Work

General

His fables are sealed ( sechsfüßiger verse ) in iambic Senar, the meter of popular Roman comedy. Phaedrus's fables are divided into five books, but they are not completely preserved. The fourth book is devoted Particulo, who seems to have dabbled in literature. The date of publication is unknown, but Seneca, who wrote 41-43 ( Consol. ad Polyb. 27), deliberately ignored Phaedrus ' work. Maybe but he has not published anything in this time.

Phaedrus is as a literary model of the Greek fable writer Aesop, who wrote his works in prose form. in the first two verses of his book writes Phaedrus: V1 Aesop was first to this substance; V2 I 've now formed in the verses of the Senars.

The Phaedrus has the merit of having brought the original Greek into a separate genus, Latin form and provided with Roman values ​​color. The story itself is a short ( brevitas ), sometimes dramatized perspective authorial narrative that illustrates mostly by animal figures, but also by distinct types of people, plants or inanimate objects a moral injunction or a philosophy of life. Phaedrus summed up this first time in verse ( iambic Senare ).

Construction

The ancient fables are subject to the laws of the ancient rule poetics. You always have a tension that culminates in a climax or punch line. The general structure is as follows:

Actors / characters

The acting, often personified figures usually embody a few, typical, often negative connotations character traits from the human realm. These are named explicitly or implicitly present the reader through role expectations. Furthermore, often characterizes a polarizing antithesis of the plot: If there are two main actors, they are often characterized by opposites. Here are often the opposites "strong versus weak" and " morally superior versus inferior moral" theme. Often, the company is exposed as immoral about this ostensible design also.

Intention

According to Phaedrus fables were invented so that lower social standing through the entertaining and alienating medium ( fictis iocis, Phaedrus III, prol. 33-44 ) were able to express their opinions safely. The context can not be reduced to the Roman slave society ( Phaedrus himself was a freedman ), but mainly covers everyday relationships. Thus, the social criticism is often at a small scale. Overall, the fables so problematize human behavior and aim at the change, so have a pedagogical claim. While this is aimed at the ancient audience, but there are many character traits and behaviors even in today's world life again. The fable is also delight and instruct ( Phaedrus I, prol. 2-3).

Reception

Although Phaedrus often refers to the envy and reduction, with whom he was being followed, he seems to have attracted little attention in the ancient world. He is mentioned by Martial ( III, 20, 5), which mimics some of his verses, and of Avianus. Prudentius must have read it because it mimics some of his verses ( Prud. Cath vii 115. .. Phaedrus ci, iv 6, 10. ).

The Greco-Roman fables were particularly intense rezipiert, such as in the Middle Ages by Odo of Cheriton, who interpreted the fables Christian- theological, or in modern times, by Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1695) and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781).

A new implementation of the Phaedrus iconographic texts tried Werner Hensellek and Martin Neubauer, while largely preserving the original text of the Latin took advantage of the display capabilities of modern comics in 1991.

Tradition history

The first post-antique edition of the five books of Phaedrus was published by Pierre Pithou in Troyes in 1596 from a manuscript, which is owned by the Marquis of Rosanbo now. At the beginning of the 18th century discovered Perotti ( 1430-1480 ), Archbishop of Siponto, in Parma, a manuscript containing 64 fables of Phaedrus, of whom more than 30 previously unknown. These new fables were first published in 1808 in Naples by Cassitto, a year later ( much more accurate ) of Jannehli. Both editions were superseded by the discovery of a much better preserved Perotti manuscript in the Vatican, the Angelo May 1831 published. For a time, the authenticity of these new fables was questioned, but now accepted as genuine fables of Phaedrus. They do not form a sixth book, especially Avian reported that only five books of Phaedrus wrote, at the same time it is also not possible to assign them their possible original places in the five books. Therefore, they are usually printed as an appendix.

The iambic meter Senar as the ancient fables and comedy writer

The fables of Phaedrus are held in the meter of Iambic Senars. It is to the Sprechvers the ancient comedies and fabulist. The scheme is as follows:

X _ X _ X | _ X | _ X _ X _

It is a series of iambs. An iamb is stressed on the second syllable. "X" stands for a length ( " _") and a brief ( "v "). The "_" for the " X" in the diagram are lengths above. "|" Are possible turning points ( Verseinschnitte ). In addition, both " X " and " _" in the schema can be replaced by a respective double soon that emphasizes either or is unstressed. Since iambs are stressed on the second syllable, due to the fact that double brevity is emphasized and which are not. Is the Versanfang "vv _" it is not emphasized. If the status is "_ vv" is she stresses, and always on the first part.

Expenditure

  • Phaedri Augusti liberti fabularum Aesopiarum libri V nunc primum editi lucem in a P. Pithoeo ( di Pierre Pithou ). Augustobonae Tricassium ( di Troyes ) 1597 -. Editio princeps, which laid the foundation for all other modern Phaedrus reception.
  • Phaedrus of the freedmen of Augustus Aesopian fables. Germanized by Dr. John Siebelis. Hoffmann's publishing bookshop, Stuttgart 1857
  • Freedman Phaedrus Aesop fables. German in the versification of the original, with an introduction and notes by Friedrich Rückert Fr. Reclam, Leipzig 1877
  • Phaedri Augusti liberti fabulae Aesopicae. Recensuit usus Editione codicis Rosanboniani from Vlixe Robert Comparata Louis Havet. Paris: Hachette 1895 [ reprints: 1923, 1952 ] ( xvi, 296 p ). - Monumental Edition with a very complete account of all the recent philological efforts to Phaedrus text in modern times.
  • The fables of Phaedrus [ in selection ]. In: Ancient fables. With 97 images of Ulm Aesop of 1476th Eingel. and retransmitted by Ludwig Mader (library of the ancient world ). Zurich: Artemis 1951 [= Munich: dtv 1973 ], pp. 169-223 there.
  • Phaedrus: Fabulae Aesopiae. In: Babrius and Phaedrus. Edited and translated by Ben Edwin Perry ( Loeb Classical Library 436). Cambridge, Ma. / London 1965 and passim, where p 190-417.
  • Phaedri Augusti liberti Liber fabularum. Recensuit Anthony Guaglianone ( Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum Paravianum ). Turin: Paravia 1969 ( xxxii, 199 pp. ).
  • The Thieves and the Cock. Aesop's Fables and Aesopian fables of Phaedrus. Edited by Hans Marquardt, with ink and pen drawings by Josef Hegenbarth. Leipzig: Reclam 1975 (126 pp. ).
  • Phaedrus. In: fables of antiquity. Griech. and Latin. Edited and translated by Harry C. cord ( Tusculum library ). Munich: Heimeran 1978, pp. 162-243 there.
  • Phaedrus: Aesop fables. In: Ancient fables. Greek beginnings. Aesop. Fables in Roman literature. Phaedrus. Babrius. Romulus. Avian. Ignatius Diakonos. From the Griech. and Lat. translated by John Irmscher ( Ancient Library ). Berlin / Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag (1978 ) 2nd edition, 1987, pp. 165-242 there. ISBN 3-351-00461-3
  • Phaedrus: Liber fabularum / fable book. Latin and German. Translated by Friedrich Rückert and Fr Otto Schönberger. Ed and explained. Otto Schönberger ( Loeb Classical Library 1144 ). Stuttgart: Reclam, 1975 and passim (240 pp. ). ISBN 3-15-001144-2
  • Phaedrus: The fables. With Introd, Translator, in the verses of the Orig, with short Erl and afterword by Hermann Rupprecht. Mitterfels: Pride 1992 (104 pp. ).
  • Phaedrus: The wolf and the lamb. Fables, Latin - German. Edited by Volker Riedel ( Reclam Universal-Bibliothek 1321 ). Leipzig: Reclam 1989 (284 pp. ). ISBN 3-379-00498-7
  • Phaedri Fabulae Aesopicae. Narrationes contextuit composuitque dialogos Werner Hensellek, schedas comicas delineavit litterisque instruxit Martin Neubauer. Vienna: 1991 ISBN 3-900538-22-0 Fassbänder.
  • Phaedrus: fables. Lat. - engl. , Edited with notes and introduction. and translated, with discussion of further translations and with woodcuts by 1491, by Eberhard Oberg ( Tusculum library ). Dusseldorf: Tusculum 1996 (272 pp. ).
  • J. Briscoe, Stuttgart / Leipzig in 1998

Dictionaries:

  • Otto Eichert: Complete Dictionary of the fables of Phaedrus. Hannover: Hahn ( 1866) 3rd Ed 1877 [= reprint Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1970 ].
  • C. Cremona: Lexicon Phaedrianum. Hildesheim: Olms 1980.
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