Piper (genus)

Black pepper ( Piper nigrum ), illustration

Pepper ( Piper ) is a genus of the family of the pepper family ( Piperaceae ). It includes more than a thousand species of different size and shape. Members of this genus are almost everywhere at home in the tropics. All species require a warm climate, moist, humus -rich soil and can not tolerate frost.

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The species of the genus pepper are shrubs or trees that are occasionally halbkrautig, rarely climbing; they are often thickened at the nodes. The alternate standing leaves are simple, entire, usually stalked a few exceptions, and in a few species they are shield-shaped. Often is the coalescence of the leaf blade with the petiole on one side a few millimeters lower than on the opposite side. The upper leaf surface is smooth to wrinkled or blistered, the lower leaf surface is pitted. The leaves are glabrous or hairy little up tight, the hair is often rough. Frequently occur sparsely to densely packed, glandular spots on the leaves. The venation is either palm -like, or more commonly pinnately from the lower half to the lower two thirds springing, sometimes pinnately completely. Often form fine cross connections between the nerve or nerve pathways which open into each other. The petioles may have different lengths, they also rarely absent. Usually they are at least at the base, often like a sheath - notched also to the leaf blade more or less. The edges of these notches are winged with a narrow or broad conspicuous wing, partly it seems to be missing entirely. The stipules are fused with the petioles.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The aged men inflorescences are faced with the leaves and are cylindrical or rarely spherical or almost spherical. They have a diameter of 1 to 10 mm, can occasionally also be thicker and have a length of up to 50 cm and more. The length of the inflorescence stems can range from less than 5 mm up to several centimeters. Between the flowers, the inflorescence axis is usually somewhat grooved, the grooves are flat and smooth or warty to frayed. The flowers are often crowded in the axils of variously shaped bracts which are sometimes hairless, but mostly hairy tomentose or frayed. The flowers are hermaphrodite seated in the American species, formed in the Old World species incomplete ( unisexual ). Usually the species is dioecious ( dioecious ), rarely monoecious ( monoecious ), getrenntgeschlechtig. In the male and hermaphrodite flowers two to five stamens are present. Two to five carpels are fused into a superior ovaries with two to five scars. These are roundish to filiform, sessile or on a short and thick standing to long and slender pen. The drupe -like, sessile fruits are shaped differently and one seed. They have a thin pericarp and a slightly hardened endocarp.

System

In the genus Piper, there are about 1000 to 2000 species, only about 60 species are found in China. Be used, for example:

  • Betel pepper or chewing pepper ( Piper betle L.); Home: Malay Archipelago, India
  • Cubeb pepper or tail pepper ( Piper cubeba L. f ); Home: Maliisches Archipelago
  • Long pepper ( Piper longum L.): The home is located in Yunnan, this species is also cultivated in tropical Asian countries.
  • Kava Kava ​​( Piper methysticum G. Forst. ); Home: Pacific Islands, Fiji Islands
  • Black pepper or Real pepper ( Piper nigrum L.); Home: perhaps India's Malabar Coast
  • Java pepper ( Piper retrofractum Vahl ); The home is probably in Yunnan, this species is also cultivated in tropical Asian countries.

Other types (selection):

  • Piper achupallasense Yuncker
  • Curved pepper ( Piper aduncum L.); Home: Mexico, Central America, West Indies, tropical South America
  • Piper aequale Vahl
  • Piper andreanum C. DC.
  • Piper angamarcanum Sodiro
  • Piper angustifolium Ruiz & Pav; Home: Mexico, Central America, West Indies, South America
  • Piper arborescens Roxb.
  • Piper arunachalensis P. R. Garunel, P. Rethy & Y. Kumar
  • Piper asperiusculum Humb. , Bonpl. & Kunth
  • Makulan ( Piper auritum Kunth ); Home: Mexico, Central America, Colombia
  • Piper austrosinense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper azuaiense Yuncker
  • Piper bambusifolium Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper barbatum Humb. , Bonpl. & Kunth
  • Piper begoniicolor Trel. & Yuncker
  • Piper boehmeriifolium ( Miq. ) Wall. ex C. DC.
  • Piper bogotense C. DC.
  • Piper bonii C. DC.
  • Piper brachypodon ( Benth. ) C. DC.
  • Piper brevispicum C. DC.
  • Piper bullatifolium Sodiro
  • Piper calceolarium C. DC.
  • Piper capense L. f: native Africa.
  • Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N.H. Xia
  • Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
  • Piper chinense Miq.
  • Piper clathatum Sodiro
  • Piper clusii ( Miq. ) C. DC.; Home: West Africa
  • Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav; Home: Peru
  • Piper damiaoshanense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper densiciliatum Yuncker
  • Piper dolichostachyum M. G. Gilbert & N.H. Xia
  • Piper echinocaule Yuncker
  • Piper eriocladum Sodiro
  • Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
  • Ashanti pepper ( Piper guineense Schumach & Thonn. . ); Home: tropical Africa
  • Piper hainanense Hemsl.
  • Piper hancei Maxim.
  • Piper hastularum Yuncker
  • Piper hispidum Sw.
  • Piper hochiense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper hongkongense C. DC.
  • Piper hylebates C. DC.
  • Piper hypoleucum Sodiro
  • Piper infossibaccatum A. Huang
  • Piper infossum Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper interruptum Opiz
  • Piper Kadsura ( Choisy ) Ohwi
  • Piper kawakamii Hayata
  • Piper kwashoense Hayata
  • Piper lacunosum Humb. , Bonpl. & Kunth
  • Piper laetispicum C. DC.
  • Piper laguna - cochanum Trel. & Yuncker
  • Piper lanceaefolium Humb. , Bonpl. & Kunth
  • Piper lenticellosum C. DC.
  • Piper leticianum C. DC.
  • Piper Ruiz & Pavón lineatum
  • Piper lingshuiense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper lunulibracteatum C. DC.
  • Piper macgillivrayi C. DC. ex Seem.
  • Piper macropodum C. DC.
  • Piper magnificum Trel. ; Home: Peru
  • Piper mischocarpum Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper mutabile C. DC.
  • Piper novogranatense C. DC.
  • Piper nubigenum Kunth
  • Piper nudibaccatum Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper Ruiz & Pavón obliquum
  • Piper ornatum N. E. Br; Home: Sulawesi
  • Piper papillicaule Trel. & Yuncker
  • Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
  • Piper pingbienense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper pinguifolium C. DC.
  • Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
  • Piper ponesheense C. DC.
  • Piper porphyrophyllum ( Lindl. ) N. E. Br; Home: Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan
  • Piper prunifolium C. DC.
  • Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
  • Piper puraceanum Trel. & Yuncker
  • Piper quitense C. DC.
  • Piper rhytidocarpum Hook. f
  • Piper rubrum C. DC.
  • Piper saigonense C. DC.; Home: Vietnam
  • Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
  • Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
  • Piper senporeiense Yamam.
  • Piper silvarum Trel. & Yuncker
  • Piper sintenense Hatus.
  • Piper sodiroi C. DC.
  • Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper stipulosum Sodiro
  • Piper submultinerve C. DC.
  • Piper sylvaticum Roxb. ; Home: eastern Himalayas
  • Piper taiwanense Lin & Lu
  • Piper thomsonii (C. DC. ) Hook. f
  • Piper tricolor Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
  • Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N.H. Xia
  • Piper tumidum Humb. , Bonpl. & Kunth
  • Piper umbellatum L.
  • Piper unguiculatum Ruiz & Pav; Home: Peru
  • Piper valladolidense Yuncker
  • Piper wallichii ( Moq. ) Hand. - Mazz.
  • Piper wangii M. G. Gilbert & N.H. Xia
  • Piper yinkiangense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper yui M. G. Gilbert & N.H. Xia
  • Piper yunnanense Y.Q. Tseng
  • Piper zarumanum Trel.
Piperales Ovary (botany) Stigma (botany)
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