Pluperfect

The pluperfect ( from Latin plus quam perfectum ( tempus ) " more than complete ( e time) " Abbreviation: PQP ), also completed past, Vorvergangenheit, third past or Präteritumperfekt called, is a grammatical term for the aforementioned Tempus form.

It is used for the time period that is before a reference point in the past, where the reference point is clear from the context of the text or the narrative ( "I once made a test "). In order to fall back even further into the past, the past perfect tense is used ( "I had learned for the test "). The pluperfect, therefore, is to the past tense like the present perfect for.

• After I had prepared myself for the exam, I was not nervous anymore. (First subset takes time ago and is in the past perfect tense, is followed by a statement in the past tense )
• They were very angry. I had probably done something wrong. (First sentence past tense, past perfect tense second set )

The pluperfect is for example found in the Indo-European languages ​​and the Finno-Ugric languages. It is the lowest frequency of use past tense in German. In some regional dialects (eg, in the Rhineland and in Berlinischen ) it is often called normal narrative time (rather than perfect or preterite ) is used. Most dialects in south and north Germany, Austria and Switzerland never or rarely use this tense. At least in parts of Austria, southern Germany and Switzerland, it is in the vernacular by the double perfect ( " we had forgotten already (ge) " ) replaced.

• 2.1 Example " bite "
• 2.2 Example of " insult "

In German

The formation of the Plusquamperfektes resembles that of the Perfect. It is formed by a temporal auxiliary verb ( be, have ) and the past participle of the Hauptverbes. However, in contrast to perfect the auxiliary verb is in the past tense ( was, had ).

Example "play"

• Singular I had played
• He / she / it had played

• We had played
• Played you had
• They had played

Example " go "

• Singular I had gone
• You left
• He / she / it had gone

• We had gone
• You were gone
• They had gone

( with verbs of change of location it is made with was )

In German, the passive

The pluperfect passive is a form of → was formed.

Example " bite "

• Singular I had been bitten
• You've been bitten
• He / she / it had been bitten

• We were bitten
• Been bitten you were
• They were bitten

Example " insult "

• Singular I had been insulted
• You were verbally abused
• He / she / it had been insulted

• We had been insulted
• Been insulted you were
• They had been insulted

In other languages

Most Indo-European languages ​​have a time step that corresponds to the German pluperfect. In many languages, this form is also time - formed by combining the past tense form of the auxiliary verb with the participle - as in German.

In French, the plus - que- parfait is used to express anteriority against the passé composé. It is formed by the Imparfait of être or avoir and participe passé the conjugated verb, eg: J'avais regarde ( = I had looked at ); Il était arrivé ( = He had arrived ).

Even the English knows an appropriate form: The Pluperfect Tense (also called Past Perfect ) will have by the connection of the auxiliary verb with the past participle formed: Examples: I had seen him ( = I had seen him ), He had gone to London ( = He had gone to London).

The Latin differs from the languages ​​mentioned the fact that there is no construction consisting of an auxiliary verb and participle requires the active, to express the Vorvergangenheit. Rather, it has its own verb forms for the pluperfect active: viderat means: "He / she / it had seen ". These shapes are made up of the perfect stem (in this vid ) and the Imperfektformen of esse ( to be). In the passive, however, forms the past participle passive combined with forms of esse: laudatus erat means. " He had been praised "

The Portuguese, in addition to a compound pluperfect ( ter formed with the past tense of the modal verb ) a simple past perfect tense - form, which emerged directly from the Latin. Example: ( nós ) tinhamos cantado and ( nós ) cantáramos ( = We had sung ). The simple form of the verb is considered archaic and therefore only comes in European Portuguese spoken almost in the written language before. In Brazil, however, the analytic form is given priority.

The pluperfect is formed from the past tense in Italian ( imperfetto, passato remoto rare ) and past participle: avevamo cantato ( = We had sung ).

In Spanish, the Vorvergangenheit is ( pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo ) formed with the Imperfektformen of the verb haber 'and the past participle, eg "Yo / él / ella había dicho " ( I / he / she had said ) or " habíamos ido " (we were gone ). As can be seen from the example, be in Spanish - in contrast to the Germans - even the verbs of motion with the past tense of ' partnership ' (to have) and not to be ' ( estar / ser ) was formed.

In ancient Greek is still clear that the pluperfect was originally the past tense of ( timeless ) Perfect. Before the perfect stem occurs as a sign of the past as in the aorist and imperfect the augment: ἐ - πεπαίδευ - κει e - pepaídeu -kei means he had brought up ', and the medium and passive are formed analogously.