Psychiatric somatotherapy
Somatotherapy is a collective term for the physical methods of treatment in psychiatry, in contrast to psychotherapy. The term is derived from ancient Greek σῶμα, soma = body, body and called in psychiatry mainly to the philosophy of Descartes (1596-1650) originating contrast between body (res extensa ) and mind (res cogitans ) and the tension between the mental and the physical. - Somatic treatment processes are common actually in organ medicine and have 'in the psychiatry remarkably compared with psychotherapy a lesser reputation, " but they are still very common in some cases. Besides somatotherapy and psychotherapy also sociotherapy is considered an important psychiatric treatment.
Theory
Physical treatments for psychological purposes thus appear paradoxical at first and can be understood only from the idea of a psychophysical correlation, see Fig basis of this illustration is the philosophical doctrine layers. Physical causes are necessary psychological effects according to this view. Here, however, the self- desired by the different methods are affected by such ways and means of physical treatment that are used by the Company to the exclusion of and for shielding against the mentally ill. These physical processes and their physiological or medical sociological appraisal is partly in the delineation of psychiatric physiotherapy and psychiatric compulsory treatment their expression. You may also be represented in the distinction between positive and negative psychiatric sanction. The exclusive somatotherapy is the logical conclusion of the ideological stance of the somaticist.
History of Psychiatry
In order medical history among the first somatic therapies justified the natural philosophy considered effects of the primary bodies such as the water, known to have been already emphasized by Thales of Miletus ( 640-546 BC). Such beneficial uses of water were held in ancient Greece at Epidaurus. A similar philosophy of nature was the significance of somatotherapy too. Johann Christian Reil, although the first somatic operation researches on the brain, the term psychiatry invented and advocated the somatotherapy, but did not have specific experience with the mentally ill Under the paradigm of moral treatment in psychiatry did not forego entirely on the physical influence, had such as John Conolly in England excited with his concept of renunciation of mechanical constraint (No restraint ). Especially in Germany notions of the use of physical measures were particularly irrational, see also Chap. Orthopaedic paradigm. Here were at first mainly physical coercion treatments recorded as straitjacket forced chair and swivel chair, also the most compulsory treatment with water ( Kraepelinsches heat bath, shower-bath, surprise baths such as immersion baths, which are then learned the patient when he least expected it ). An upheaval took physical treatment method in psychiatry since the growing influence of the natural sciences. This was particularly evident since the 19th century. This type of treatment headed over to the shock therapies. Recent empirical and somatic treatment methods are: malaria therapy ( 1917), Sleep Treatment (1921 ), insulin shock therapy (1933 ), prefrontal lobotomy (1935 ), Cardiazolschocktherapie (1935 ), electroconvulsive therapy (1938 ) - also known under the name of electric shock treatment - and the psychopharmacotherapy (from 1952).
Most of them are now obsolete psychiatric or ask at least in German-speaking only a method rarely used in psychiatry dar. latter is in life-threatening and otherwise uncontrollable disease states for electric shock treatment. Their widespread use is usual only in internal medicine as a resuscitation method in acute cardiac arrest. However, an overwhelming exception to this rule is the psychopharmacological treatment, which has contributed to the widespread use of somatotherapy in psychiatry, although the effect of these drugs is rather non-specific and none of them can make the claim to act causally. Even if there has not the name of the " chemical straitjacket " naturalized for psychotropic treatment for no reason, so play for the dissemination of this treatment, other factors play a role.
Orthopaedic paradigm
Somatotherapy is thus in psychiatry rather a product of natural philosophy and, not least scientific ideas. They treated psychological suffering, for example, mechanically, because they were perceived as trauma or other bodily infirmity justifiable, a bit like in orthopedics - see the Figure, the founding wave of corresponding orthopedic or psychiatric institutions in the 18th century was the same and was mostly driven by political and economic interests. A generally accepted theory of psychic traumas did not yet exist. - The case of Daniel Paul Schreber (1842-1911) and the Schreber family occupied the excesses of such forms of pseudomoralischer treatment.