Quotation

A quote (which, latin citatum " cited, a Called " to Latin citare " set in motion, subpoena ," see " quote someone in court ") is a literally taken over passage from a text or a reference to a particular passage. Other media, such as images and music, can be used as a quotation. Quotes whose original context is lost and no longer be reconstructed, to be fragments.

Even when political controversy one speaks of quotes when referring to other utterances. In journalism a quote directly used in direct speech is referred to as O-Sound (original sound).

Well-known quotations are often used as a household word. For example, many passages from the Bible are so deeply rooted in common parlance, that they are hardly perceived as a quotation.

In general, a citation is occupied by a source or a Bibliography, by its author and the exact passage is called. Such a reference is referred to in the library science as a citation. Citations can also occur without belonging to quote.

• 4.1 Verbal Quote
• 4.2 Contemporary sense quote
• 4.3 the source is acknowledged 4.3.1 Quote from Author writings ( Monographs )
• 4.3.2 Quote from journal articles or newspaper articles
• 4.3.3 Quote from compilations (Editor fonts)
• 4.3.4 Quote from Encyclopedia Articles

Quotes and Copyright

The use of quotations is this compensation has to be paid (§ 51 of the Copyright Act in Germany, see below) governed by copyright laws and subject to certain conditions, without requesting permission of the author or. The general reason for this is that quotes the cultural and scientific development of a society serve (see also freedom of information ). Quotes represent a sub-case of copyright limitations dar.

Quotations are to be provided with citation (principle of the source in § 63 German Copyright Act in terms of a precise indication of the reference ). The quote right may only stations require that enjoy copyright protection itself, so have your own " level of creativity ". Accordingly, collections of quotations, which speak only third-party services may not rely on the quote right. The (economic) interests of the author or copyright holder of the cited work may not be restricted unduly by a quote.

Quotes are subject to change prohibition, but are cuts permitted if they do not misrepresent the meaning.

• Great Quotes - Quotations entire plants
• Small Quotes - excerpts quotes, eg individual sentences or thoughts
• Image quotes, music quotes and movie quotes
• Free Quote - Without adherence to the exact wording.

Germany

In the German copyright law applies to quotes § 51 of the Copyright Act (as of 1 January 2008):

" It is permitted to reproduction, distribution and public communication of a published work for the purpose of the quotation, provided that the use is justified in its scope by the specific purpose. Valid this is especially true if

This results in the so-called quote privilege derives that the constitutionally guaranteed worldviews, art, expression, information, press and academic freedom served ( Articles 4 and 5 of the Basic Law ).

Switzerland

Article 25 quotes of the Copyright Act ( LDA) is:

If justified by the purpose quote, a quote must (eg a poem ) also provide a full plant. This is a substantive terms of the citing text must insist on the cited work in literary works.

" This reference content also determines the extent permitted by the quote. As far as he is missing, can take over the work cited in the citing text is not justified by the quote right. Purpose and scope of the quotation are related such that the quote compared to the citing text can claim no independent meaning or even the main importance. "

Of importance for the interpretation of that provision was a dispute between the historian Georg Kreis and the newspaper Swiss time. The Swiss time printed on 26 July 2002 a previously published in Tages-Anzeiger contribution Zürich politician Christoph Mörgeli and published a few days after the contribution of Mörgeli also in the Tages-Anzeiger reply by county along with a " final comment " the publicist Edward Stäuble from. For the imprint of the article by Georg Kreis had this gives no permission. The Supreme Court of the Canton of Zurich dismissed the case of circular on 9 September 2004 on the grounds, playing his article was justified by the quote right under Article 25 of the Copyright Law. The Federal Court, however, was by order of 22 June 2005, the appointment of Georg Kreis well and noted that his rights were violated by the publication in the Swiss time. In addition to a case of the editors justify the text also Stäuble is taken in reference to the article by county, not a quote from the full article.

" In contrast to the text of the editorial in the" box " will be held a substantive discussion of the content of the article the plaintiff in the text by Eduard Stäuble though. However, the reference is limited to certain parts of the article. "

The Federal Court held also noted that " under the aspect of freedom of expression and media freedom there was no need to reprint the article the plaintiff literally and in full. " It rejected the view of the Zurich High Court, which has an entitlement to full impression of the media freedom and freedom of expression and freedom of information within the meaning of Article 16 and Article 17 of the Federal Constitution was derived:

" Finally, the view of the High Court is also fundamentally reject, because that restriction of use under copyright powers is made, as it is not provided for in the Copyright Law in the result. It would mean that the need to use their used in this approach, copyrighted works of language by third parties readily tolerate the public opinion of political struggle involved. Such legislation, as provided for in the German and Austrian copyright under restrictive conditions in the form of a statutory license, missing in Swiss law and can not be easily inserted by a court, citing the constitutional fundamental rights of expression and media freedom. "

Austria

§ 46Vorlage: § / Maintenance / RIS Search Copyright Act regulates the quote right. Picture quotes are excluded from the text, but were viewed by the courts as admissible.

" Are permissible copying and distribution as well as the public lecture and the broadcast:

Liechtenstein

The reception template for the Liechtenstein copyright law was the Swiss Copyright Act.

Article 27 (quotations) of the Liechtenstein copyright law is:

" 1 Published works may be cited if the quotation for explanation, as an indication or intended to be illustrative and the scope of the quotation is justified by this purpose. 2 The quote itself and the source must be described. Where reference is made in the source to the authorship, this shall also be disclosed. "

Major case law on this provision by Liechtenstein courts is not yet done.

Controversy

In the public debate often statements by politicians or other public figures are presented in order to reject them or to support your own opinion. Opposite true quotes to its author can not defend. No one needs it but to put up with that misquotes him be postponed or that citations are corrupted by some omissions. Such manipulations violate the right to privacy. As the Berlin Regional Court underlined in a legal dispute between the Federal Environment Minister Jürgen Trittin and the Bild newspaper, to be placed on the reproduction of literal quotes strict requirements.

Science

Quotations have their greatest importance in science. Scientists are always reliant on using the work of other people, so some unnecessary repetition of an experiment can be prevented. Scientists speak on the shoulders of giants (that is, the experience of its many predecessors ): For example, is occupied with quotes from the introduction of a dissertation, what aspects of the topic are already known and what are the knowledge gaps yet.

In science, it is assumed that a researcher knows the literature on his subject, and has dealt with the previous findings. If one accepts something from another author, you have the source, and optionally make the kind of acquisition clearly, otherwise you sit on charges of plagiarism (see also fraud and forgery in science). The citation and the source have the following meaning:

• Scientific work is work in a scientific community; it should not be unnecessarily repeated already made work.
• Scientific work must be verifiable, so must be specified exactly what one refers.
• Scientific work must be recognized. The acquisition of knowledge without mention of the author used is plagiarism; it is immoral and can have social and legal consequences.

Scientific Zitierrichtlinien

In the theoretical scientific research theses are developed or reviewed on the basis of existing literature. It is to be represented by the quote the reference to the underlying literature.

In short quotations ( a word, a sentence) is to ensure that the quoted passage in itself is useful or will be supplemented by the sentence context.

Generally, it must be checked whether a work is ever quotable.

For citation of laws, regulations, ordinances, etc. see citation of legal norms.

Direct quote

A direct quote must be in form and content completely with the original, also highlighting ( underlining, locked Printed etc ) and idiosyncratic punctuation, match. It is characterized by quotes, a quote within a literal quotation is single quotes ( 'text' ) marks.

Direct quotes should be used when not only the content of the statement, but also the formulation of importance. This is not the case, paraphrasing in the form of an indirect quotation preferable.

My highlights or inserted explanations - in square brackets - have to be identified by a reference (such as highlighting the author or explanation of the editor). Example: " It may not have the impression [ is meant well: the impression, AK ] arise, the Additiones [ additions, AK ] stood so already in the template " (emphasis AK ), where AK stands for the initials of the author.

Omission of one or more words are ellipsis and brackets (eg ( ... ) or [ ...]) to identify it. It is important to make sure that the omissions do not misrepresent the meaning. Omission of one word are marked with two dots ( ..).

If a longer direct quote installed in its own work, the marking is in addition by engaging.

Sense of Contemporary quote

The paraphrasing of other utterances ( borrowing ) is performed for the delimitation of its own statements expediently in indirect speech in the subjunctive. It is often also characterized by the author's name and a note like: Based on; mutatis mutandis by; cf: ...

The paraphrasing is to be indicated by exact source.

Source

All quotations must be accompanied by an accurate indication of the source, this can be done in several ways:

The source can be given in the form of a full document in the footnote or as a text document at the end of the entire work. In Brief evidence are different forms are common. The most space-efficient but least meaningful Citation is the consecutive numbering of all sources cited.

Especially common in computer science, a combination of the first three letters of the author's name and the last two digits of the year of publication (eg " The04 " for Theisen 2004). Probably the most common is the full author name with year of publication, with multiple sources by the same author to be made within a year marked by consecutive letters (eg " Theisen 2004c ").

Less common, but the most meaningful, the source is acknowledged, with the addition of a key word, which usually already quoted a source you can see the familiar with the matter reader, eg in the form " Theisen ( Scientific Work, 2004) ." As several citation or Zitiertechniken are available in a document usually not more be used; a selected citation style is used consistently throughout the document.

In the different subjects there are different Zitierrichtlinien for Leadership printed literature.

Is quoted at second hand, that is, from a work that you yourself have not seen, the original source will be mentioned with the reference in the footnote first ... " quoted in " / " zit. with "/" quoted by "/" zit. after " ...

In general, the source to say that there is no uniform citation. Each university here has typically their own specifications. It is important that is always quoted uniformly in a bachelor's or master's thesis, for example, that is, both the footnote and in the bibliography at the end of the work are the same formatting to be used in the citations.

Quote from Author writings ( Monographs )

When quoting from books is specified:

• First name and surname of the author is no author given, "or V. "= no byline
• Up to three authors are each spelled out completely, with more than three authors are following the lead author of the string " u a "or" et al. " usual ( for example," Theisen et al. 2004 " )

• No publishing year given, "or J. "= without year

This, for example, the following scheme can result in:

Quote from journal articles or newspaper articles

When quoting from journal articles

• First name and surname of the author. In newspaper articles, these are sometimes not called, then specify the author's signature or the publisher.
• Title of article
• Name of the journal appeared in
• Number of the volume
• Number of the tape
• Page reference

This, for example, the following scheme can result in:

Or if no author name available:

Quote from compilations (Editor fonts)

• First name and surname of the author
• Title of article
• Title of Collective Work = "in"
• Name of publisher = " Edited ... "
• Edition
• Place of publication
• Publishing year
• Page reference

This, for example, the following scheme can result in:

Bibliographic references in articles in journals publishers follow the same pattern, but the page numbers are indicated: the

If a source cited more than once, " ( supra) cited on the site page reference " enough from the second time on the citation of the author with reference ( op. cit.) Or when repeated with respect to the same side is also known as " ibid " ( ibid); Example: Hegemann, Heinen, Scholz; Economic and social teaching; Part 1; 4th edition; Porz; 1976; S. 160; hereinafter cited as: Hegemann, Heinen, Scholz; supra; P ... or (ibid.)

Quote from Encyclopedia Articles

If the author is known, the following scheme can result in:

If no author available, can proceed as follows:

Tables and charts

Each table is to have a title. At the head of each table is written out the word " table" with its number. All figures must be verified by footnotes. All figures in tables and diagrams are provided with source information.

Importance

For authors works cited citations play a crucial role in the formation of reputation.

For research and analysis of citations, there are special citation databases. Citation analysis is examined in the context of scientometrics, the quantitative study of scientific processes, so-called Zitationsgraphen, which are networks of publications, which are connected by citations. As an indirect relations due to citations occur in this case Kozitation and Bibliographic coupling. Citation analysis has identified a number of regularities in Zitationsgraphen. Your around since the late 1950s held application for the assessment of scientific performance is controversial.

Also the fact that publications are not or not properly cited, can be examined. The phenomenon of non- citation is referred to in scientometrics as Uncitedness. It is believed that a substantial portion of the cited references has not been read by the author. Linda C. Smith noted in a study to cite the most famous work of Vannevar Bush, that the authors cited the work torn out of context to prove any statements, some of which were even contrary to the cited article.

Quote on the Internet

In discussions on the Internet, for example via e -mail (eg mailing lists) or in discussion forums, where we refer to other participants in the discussion, it is often necessary to quote what has been said. There, it is often also from quoting (English for Quote ). Many panelists cares if the quote is not clearly marked as such or more is quoted as necessary.

See also: TOFU, Full Quote, Quote of Internet sources.