Responsibility to protect
The Responsibility to Protect ( also responsibility to protect, english Responsibility to Protect, R2P or RtoP also abbreviated ) is a concept of international politics and international law for the protection of humans against serious human rights violations and fractures of international humanitarian law. It was largely developed by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty ( ICISS ) in 2000 /2001 and internationally spreading, although there were their essential features have long been in the political and legal debate. At the 2005 World Summit of the United Nations in New York, she has been widely recognized by almost all countries of the world and was first mentioned in a legally binding document in resolution 1674 of the Security Council. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki -moon published in 2009 a report on the implementation of the responsibility to protect, which is based on three pillars, and in particular the importance of timely detection and initiate preventive measures as highlighted by such crimes.
Critics of the concept argue that the responsibility to protect the principle of non-interference law could be in the internal affairs of a state, which is enshrined in the UN Charter as a legal principle. Furthermore, it is argued that not every act of war within a state was to be regarded as genocide and that the difficulties of a democratic state-building would often underestimated without historical foundation and after an externally forced regime change. Proponents of the standard argue, however, that the responsibility to protect constituted a historic step in preventing severe mass crimes.
The responsibility to protect, first take the individual state and describes his duty to ensure the welfare of him by virtue of his personal or territorial jurisdiction subordinate citizens. In exercising this responsibility, he is supported by the international community, which plays a subsidiary protection responsibility. However, if the political leadership of the country concerned are unable or unwilling to protect citizens against serious human rights violations, should the international community, most notably, the United Nations to intervene to protect the endangered population. To do this you are in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations civilian and military means available, decides on their use of the Security Council.
The theoretical basis is the definition of sovereignty as responsibility ( sovereignty as responsibility), according to which a state must take responsibility to protect its population, to qualify as a sovereign. The R2P thus helping to achieve universal moral standards for the protection of people internationally. As to preventing human rights violations, genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing are identified.
According to the draft of the ICISS, the R2P is divided into three responsibilities: the Responsibility to Prevent, the Responsibility to React and the Responsibility to Rebuild:
From humanitarian intervention to the responsibility to protect is different in three ways: