Romagnol dialect

Romagnol is a dialect which is spoken in the Romagna and San Marino. The western border of the Emilian dialect is the Sillaro, the northern, more or less to the Ferrara Reno, while southward flowing transitions exist in the Apennines to the Tuscan. The Romagnol forms the transition between the Gallo-Roman and the Central and Southern Italian dialects. Today, the dialects are increasingly back in favor of the standard Italian, but many inhabitants of Romagna still speak a continuum Romagnol and standard Italian. The first linguistic studies of the Romagnolo dialect were conducted at the end of the 19th century. 1910 employed the Austrian linguist Friedrich Schürr ( 1888-1980 ) with the Romagnol.

• 2.1 The definite article
• 2.2 Nouns
• 2.3 The adjectives
• 2.4 derived from adjectives, adverbs
• 2.5 The verbs

Phonetics

The vowels

The large number of vowels in Romagnol is because significant distinctive, very important:

• A - open
• à - still open
• â - followed by n, m, gn: nasal, partially closed
• E - closed
• ë - very open, in some areas tend to ä
• è - open
• ê - closed
• é - closed, elongated
• é - followed by silent n: enclosed s
• I - weak, closed
• ì - same sound, but stresses
• ì - followed by silent n: closed i
• O - closed
• ò - open
• ö - semi-open
• ô - closed
• ô - followed by spoken n; very closed
• U - short and weak
• ù - as emphasized

The consonants

• C - hard ( k)
• C a, o, u - as in Italian (k )
• C e, i - as in Italian ( ch)
• Cc - as the latter end of the word ( ch)
• Ch e, i - as in Italian (k )
• G - hard
• G a, o, u - as in Italian ( g)
• G e, i - as in Italian ( dsh )
• Gg - as the latter end of the word ( dsh )
• Gh e, i - as in Italian ( g)
• Gl i - as in Italian ( lj )
• G -li - isolated
• Gn - as in Italian (nj)
• H - silent in ch and gh
• M - mute in nasal endings
• N - mute in nasal endings
• R - silent in Infinitivendungen when no vowel follows
• S - unvoiced
• ş - voiced
• Sc - as in Italian
• S- c - voiceless s and ch
• Z - voiceless
• ź - voiced

The vowel a

This was stressed in Latin a remains in the Florentine dialect and therefore in Italian unchanged: eg FACTU ' fatto ' ( made ​​) - Patre ' padre ' (father) - LACU ' lago ' (lake).

In Romagnol the situation is a little more complicated, because it depends on whether the stressed a in an open or a closed syllable is.

Consider the following three examples in which the stressed a in Romagnol develops different:

The difference between 1 ) and 2) make the following consonant. 1 ) is by the double -R to form a closed, in Figure 2) by simply R is an open syllable. In the first case a remains unchanged, in the second it will ê, ie a closed, stretched e In case 3 ) there will be a nasalization, which does not exist in Italian.

The short 'e'

The short 'e' and the diphthong ' ae ' in Latin remained in Italian in closed syllable unchanged, in an open syllable, it became the 'ie'.

Examples: PEDE ' piede '; BELLU ' bello '.

In Romagnol that is not always true. Normally, the short 'e' is the é (closed e) or i

Open syllable

Closed syllable

Before a nasal remains the short 'e' and is nasalized.

Eg: GENTE - cent; VENTU vent; Venio a vegn.

The long 'e'

The long 'e' and derDiphthong 'oe ' in Latin, are in Italian to the closed e ( é ).

Examples: RETE ' rete '; PILU ' pelo '.

In Romagnol, the long 'e' in an open syllable usually remain unchanged.

After a Palatal it is often the 'i'.

In closed syllable, the é è opens to.

The 'i '

In Italian, the Latin stressed i usually remains unchanged.

This applies to the product defined in an open syllable.

In closed syllable it is to open 'e':

Before a nasal, the 'i' to a nasal 'e'.

Examples: Vinu ven; PRIMU Premm

The semi-vowel j

The J is derived from the Greek alphabet, in Italian it has been replaced by the i in the course of time; in Romagnol, however it is used in the following contexts:

• As Halbkonsonant before a vowel in word-initial as in Jomla ( Imola )
• Between two vowels as in Foja ( foglia ); so it was still in Italian long common
• At the end of a word after a vowel, for example moj ( moglie = woman)
• As a masculine plural of certain products eg j'óman ( gli uomini = men )
• As a masculine personal pronoun for the third person plural, eg j'arcörda i temp PASE ( ricordano i tempi = passati they remember past times )
• As a shortening of the imperative with pronouns and jal -jan eg Dajal ' ( Daglielo = give it to him)
• As synthetic Pronomialform. A j'e ' Faro save ( Glielo farò sapere = I'll let him know )

The short 'o'

The short Latin 'o' is uo usually the diphthong in Italian.

Examples: Novu ' nuovo '; FOCU ' fuoco '; SCHOLA ' scuola '.

In Romagnol the 'o' in an open syllable, ô is the diphthong, which consists of a closed and an indistinct o a.

Examples: Novu Nov; COR côr, Hortu place.

An exception are the words that end in - OCU. Here the ô is for u

Examples: FOCU Fugh, JOCU corresp; COCU cugh.

The long 'o' and the short 'u'

In Italian, both the closed or the examples were: CODA coda; Voce voce; CRUCE croce; BUCCA bocca.

In an open syllable that also applies to the Romagnol.

Examples: VOCE vos; SOLE Sol; CRUCE cros.

In closed syllable opens ó ò for.

Examples: CRUSTA gròsta; Lucta Lota; BUCCA Boca.

Before the nasal o and short u are nasalized to an o or.

Examples: PLUMBU piomb; UMBRA ombra.

The long 'u'

In Italian, the long u always remains unchanged.

Examples: UVA uva; LUMEN lume; IUNCU giunco ​​.

In Romagnol remains u get only in open syllables long.

Examples: Mulu mul; Crudu crud; LUCE cycle.

In closed syllable is the u to o

Examples: FRUCTU frott; EXSUCTU boiled ( asciutto ); USTIU oss ( uscio ); Pulice polsa.

Even before a nasal consonant, the open u for u:

LUNA lona; FUMU fom; UNU on.

At the end of the shortened word u and ó is to:

ILLU ó; PLUS Pio.

Monosyllabic

Under Lombard or Frankish influence of the stress accent increased, whereby unstressed syllables disappeared (except with vowel a). Thus, three - and viersilbige monosyllabic words can be, for example:

• Lat. GENUCULU - is ZNÒC (it. ginocchio = knee)
• Lat. OCULU - is ÒC (it. occhio = eye)
• Lat. FRIGIDU - is Fredd (it. freddo = cold)

Grammar

The definite article

There are in contrast to the Italian no special items for words that begin with 'z ' and ' s impura '.

Nouns

Male nouns usually end in a consonant, Female on -a. The majority is unchanged in male nouns, only a, e and o -fitting experience a ablaut. In the feminine ending-a is omitted or will -i to avoid confusion with the masculine word, eg: Amighi amiga ( girlfriend).

The adjectives

For most adjectives, the same rules apply as for the "normal" nouns, ie the male are immutable, the female end on -a/-i.

From adjectives derived adverbs

The verbs

Rules:

• For the present indicative

• In Part pass. there are many contracted forms: Scort ( Parlato = spoken);
• Scäp ( via andato in fretta = escaped )
• Smengh ( Dimenticato = forgotten). Here is an 'a' in the female singular and ' edi' the female Pl is appended.

Special

In Hussigny- Godbrange it was spoken until the late 1950s.