Romanization of Ukrainian

Under the transliteration of the Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet refers to the transcription or transcription and playback of Ukrainian writing in Latin letters. This is also known as Romanization.

Cyrillic alphabet

In the Ukrainian language is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet is used, which has differences from the alphabet used in the Russian language. The purpose of the Romanized transliteration is to make the language understandable even for people who can not read the Cyrillic alphabet. This relates to tourism, the area of international politics, trade and global organizations. Likewise, by means of the inscription on a computer that does not have a Ukrainian keyboard, carried a text editing. Throughout history there have been several proposals for amendment of the Ukrainian alphabet in different variants, which usually are based usually on the West Slavic languages. In the different variants that have been used and can be considered, been able to establish no.

Transcription and transliteration

There are two ways to achieve a Latin inscription: on transcription and transliteration. Some variants are used, a hybrid between the two.

• A transcription attempts to play the pronunciation of the Ukrainian somewhat aptly with the means of the reader known language. The so-called National variant or the most popular transcriptions depend by definition on the target language: for example, the name Грушевський appears as Hroesjevsky, into English as Hrushevsky, into German as Hruschewskyj into French as Hrouchevsky, etc. Such transcriptions in transcription into Dutch ago especially prevalent in the media, such as newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias and atlases in. On the basis of these transcripts, the original Ukrainian version can be uniquely reconstructed without knowledge of the language is not always.
• A transliteration is not set here on the pronunciation, but gives the spelling of the Ukrainian text to the letter in a different font (such as Latin ) again. The aim is to accurately display Ukrainian texts using the Latin script, the Cyrillic alphabet text can be reconstructed simply and clearly. Transliterations are usually used in scientific circles, in literature, in libraries and the like. The transliteration of the Ukrainian in the Latin script is standardized in DIN 1460.

The various transcriptions and Romanisierungsvarianten

The Ukrainian -Canadian linguist Jaroslav Bohdan Rudnyckyj ( Jaroslav Rudnyckyj ) classified the transliterations of variants to the Ukrainian alphabet in different systems, such as in a scientific system, which is mainly used in academic and especially in linguistic works, and practical systems used mainly in management, should be applied journalism, post office, schools, etc.. The different systems of transliteration or Romanization of Ukrainian language originated in history due to encounter with the Western European, West Slavic and German-speaking countries and are still used frequently. Some of these Umschriftvarianten were changed periodically in the course of time and were subject to a different development or have undergone several variations. The now common academic or scientific system is used internationally most. But it has very few variations, while the various practical methods of transliteration are the different orthographic conventions in the respective languages ​​, such as English, French, German, etc. each adjusted. To play the original Ukrainian text as it sounds in the original language, some adjustments or changes are sometimes made ​​according to the purpose of transcription.

• The International Scientific Transcription, or the International scientific transcription is mainly based on the Latin alphabet, the Croatian Serbo- Croatian language. Today's standard scientific transliteration in Slavic is based on the Czech alphabet. This transcription is used mainly by linguists, such as in publications in Slavic. This dates back to the nineteenth century, where it was added to the Librarian of rules as Prussian instructions (PI). This framework provides guidance for libraries and there was codified in 1898. These guidelines were later by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO), taken with small differences to ISO / R 9.

• National 1996 is the official system that is used by both Ukraine itself in its international and external relations at the United Nations. This is generally used for the transliteration of Ukrainian geographic names that were known prior to 1991, almost exclusively under its Russian name. This system is based primarily on the basis of English spelling and then shows many similarities with the British transcription.
• ISO 9:1954, an older standard of the ISO, based on the older scientific transliteration and therefore looks for the Ukrainian and Russian slightly different transliterations before; ISO 9:1968 allows these differences further, but also calls before a uniform transliteration for Cyrillic all written languages ​​; DIN 1460:1982 is derived from ISO 9:1968, but allows for the Ukrainian only the particular transliteration. This feature concerns the Ukrainian letter И Г and which are (as opposed to other languages ​​) transliterated as H and Y; the Ukrainian letters Ґ and І other hand, are transliterated as G and I, respectively.
• ISO 9:1995 is the latest standard of ISO and represents an extreme form of transliteration: Each Cyrillic letter is represented by a Latin letter. There is no distinction between the Г, the as / g / and in Ukrainian / is pronounced in Russian as / h made ​​, thus always transcribed as G. Because it is a very reliable one-to -one transcription, the system is often used.
• Transliteration or Romanization in other languages ​​to comprehensibility for readers in other appropriate languages ​​is usually transcribed phonetically into the familiar orthography. For example, the Ukrainian letters are uй, х, ч, ш, щ Anglophone than y, kh, ch, sh differently transcribed as in German romanization where they are, schtsch played mostly with j, ch, ch, sh, or they may in Latin characters after the usual spelling of other Slavic languages ​​such as Polish, Czech or Croatian (as well as with the established scientific systems ) are reproduced. These known transcriptions are a reliable method to enter the Ukrainian counterpart in a particular target language. The German language also uses its own transcription of the Ukrainian language. If a text that occur in the Ukrainian name and / or words to transcribe, should always be considered the language in which the starting material is present. A variant was used by the British Museum and the British Library, but since 1975 in their new acquisitions cataloged Library of Congress transliteration.
• IPA, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA ) serves to represent the pronunciation of a language as close as possible. This system is mainly used in dictionaries and in linguistic publications, but it does not always necessarily mean a romanization. The IPA is not only in Latin characters.
• Ad- hoc transcription - users of public computers or mobile SMS services improvise often with an informal transcription due to limitations of the keyboard or character set. This can replace both vowels and consonants. Example: YKPAIHCbKA ABTOPKA for " УКРАЇНСЬКА АВТОРКА "; as well as lower in Volapük Encoding: This also uses only their limited character set available.
• Ukrainian telegraph code telegraph transmission: Every single Ukrainian letter has a Latin 1:1 equivalent for this version. Thus, the Latin letters Q, W, V, X is equivalent to Ukrainian Я (or Щ sometimes), В, Ж, Ь. Other letters are transcribed phonetically. This character set to the character encoding of the Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet in the KOI8- U table is used in the Ukrainian language mainly in computer systems.

Conventional romanization of proper names

In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration rules, and the course can also be marked by the use of Anglophones. Transcriptions from the Ukrainian are also used for the names of people with Ukrainian ancestors in the relevant countries to take wall ( people often have the same or similar common names, such as " Alexander ", which is mostly used for Oleksandr, or customary also in the English-speaking world " Terry " for Taras ). Many such international transcriptions are based either on a use at the Library of Congress ( in North America) or the British Standard in the UK. Such a simplified system usually leaves off the diacritics and Holmen, simplifies the endings- yj and ij " -y " and ignores the Ukrainian soft sign ( ь ) and apostrophes (' ), and can replace ya, ye, yu yo for ia, io ie, iu, on the beginnings of words. It may also lead to further simplifications of double letters. Conventional transliterations usually reflect the origin or the history of a person or a place. Many well-known notations and transcriptions are based on Latin alphabets of other languages ​​, such as, among others, the German or the Polish playback. In other variants, the corresponding names transcribed into other languages ​​, such as: the Ukrainian Pavlo ( "Paul" ) were prepared by the Russian Pavel pedants, Ukrainian: Kyiv by the Russian equivalent to the Kiev and Kiev. Sometimes translated using an apostrophe ', even if the apostrophe in all other names and words is often omitted. The different transliteration or romanization systems have become more complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA -LC), as for Ukrainian and Russian names - with the exceptions of endings or doubled consonants application listed on various personal and geographical names. For a variety of traditional, habitual and also for technical reasons, use the card Encyclopedia different naming conventions. The names of the persons are usually play in the international notation in the British transcription in encyclopedic texts. reproduced, but therefore also in its original form in the index. Different geographical names in their English, German transcription from the Russian or in Ukrainian and Polish spelling forms give the w and v in different forms again. The Scientific transliteration is mainly used in articles of linguistics.

Tables for the various transcription and Romanisierungsvarianten

• * The second transliteration of the word at first simply used.
• Word ** initially after vowels or with the use of apostrophes.
• *** Consonants.
• **** Apostrophe is first before iotated yes, ju, je, ji, jo, and the distinction in combination ьа ( j'a ) in connection to the word of я (yes ), for eg: Волиньавто = Volynj ' avto.
• * ^ Gh in the Romanization of зг ( ZGH ) To avoid confusion with ж ( zh ).

The National System ( 1996):

• Double consonants ж, х, ц, ч, ш are simplified, for example for Запоріжжя = Zaporizhia.
• Apostrophe and soft sign may be omitted, but mostly always ьо = ' o and ьї =' i