Scholarship
A scholarship (Latin scholarship; , payment of an amount, pay, wages ') is a financial support for artists, athletes, students or young scientists ( which are then referred to as Fellows ) and as such is an essential element of gifted education. Furthermore, also awarded travel grants foundations for selected people.
Procurement practice and scholarship services
Scholarships are granted on the basis of political and social criteria or particularly good performances.
In Austria Scholarships are awarded by both the student aid authority and by the Academy of Sciences or the funds of the National Bank. A distinction is made between the income-based student aid and merit scholarships, decides on the award of the grade point average.
In Germany you have to apply for a scholarship usually at a foundation that gifted education operates. Some of the biggest Begabtenförderungswerke obtained from the BMBF funds to provide financial support to their fellows. Furthermore, there is the possibility to apply to his hometown high school for Germany Scholarship, which includes a financial subsidy of 300 euros per month. In addition, the non-university research institutions Helmholtz Association, the Fraunhofer -Gesellschaft, Max Planck Society and the Leibniz Association awarded scholarships to PhD students and postdocs. Also, businesses, municipalities or private scholarships.
Some of these foundations are political or ecclesiastical nature, that is, one must, for example, at a party-affiliated foundation can demonstrate that it is at least open to the principles of the " mother party ". This is not true, so the scholarship is not promised even with outstanding academic record; nevertheless quite fellows also be included in the party-affiliated foundations, although in principle correspond with the respective ideals in detail but certainly criticize and make a point to continue taking a politically open attitude. But the decisive factor for inclusion in the scholarship are especially the academic, character and social qualities of the candidate. In addition, social, social or political commitment is required, because the foundations wish to do so to promote responsible young people.
The Vergabemodi are different on the respective foundations. Thus, there is usually a written application (proposed and written reports usually two teachers out ) in the first round, then selection meetings or direct interviews at the university location. The procedure can sometimes include individual presentations, exams and group discussions, but in any case personal interviews.
The specific benefits include a monthly promotion (which is thereby based on the current federal financial aid - kit ), one of them independent book allowance of 300 euros, exclusive access to internships, very good academic as well as economic relations, a generous contract to periods spent abroad as well as under circumstances subsidies to health insurance or interest-free loans to needy scholars. As a " return " to participate in Foundation seminars, meetings in the fellow group and the writing of annual reports are mandatory in most foundations.
However, there are also general scholarships that record to promote, for example, gifted students or students without regard to their political or religious beliefs. For students and researchers, the conditions for a scholarship are usually met only in higher semesters, since you often only can show relevant notes or evidence from that date. PhD students get as a ( time-limited, usually associated with the prohibition of cross income during the promotion ) scholarship only after their projects and CVs were reviewed several times.
A special position is occupied by the rise of scholarship from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The program is aimed at very dedicated and motivated Professionals and supports a first university degree. Important Application requirements are completed vocational training, at least two years of professional experience, training, and a statement that the professional capacity ( and Others overall grade of the training exam or a reasoned proposal by the employer). The application is usually done before the beginning of studies. A formal age limit does not exist.
There are special scholarships abroad, with which young scientists can finance a year abroad. A peculiarity among foreign scholarships is the travel grant from the German Archaeological Institute.
Also in the cultural and artistic field, there are a variety of scholarships that have markup or price character. Here are some examples: Scholarship at the Villa Massimo, the residencies of artists Schöppingen Foundation, and the fellowship of the Academy of Arts in Berlin. In addition, especially studio spaces for the fellows will be provided with such artists scholarships besides the pure gratuity.
These foundations support a total of nearly 14,000 students. Of this amount ( income-based award ) full scholarships to around a quarter of recipients.
Social security
Unlike appointments scholarships do not include social security like pension, maternity leave, health insurance, etc. The question of accident insurance is unclear. However, grants may be awarded only if the activities of the fellow and the scholarship are not bound by instructions. There are indications that research institutions award scholarships and the scholarship / are inside nevertheless obliged to services in teaching and research. It may be social security fraud, as the scholarships would actually hire the person. Interested parties have the opportunity to clarify a status determination procedure if not actually social security would be due. These must be nachentrichtet from scholarship provider if necessary. The Union for Education and Science ( GEW) has summarized the relevant information.
Tax law
Scholarships in Germany are usually tax-free income to the recipient pursuant to § 3 No. 44 Income Tax Act, if all legal requirements are fulfilled, where it does not matter whether done by a domestic or a resident of the EU and EEA nonprofit corporation performance.
Conceptual history
In the 16-17. Century learned the term of the grant a change of meaning, which he apparently kept until the 18th century in its ambiguity. In a first look at Georges Detailed Latin -German Concise Dictionary we learn from his composition " stips and pendo " and that it " will be paid separately ." As a translation options are specified as follows: tax, tribute, contribution, duty, penalty, assistance, support, pay, pay, metonymically also military service and military career. About the individual parts of words, the German dictionary of foreign words more accurately informed: " stips, cash contribution, donation ' [ ... ] and pendere, weigh, pay ,'" in which case a more precise explanation of " stips " is missing.
But here's the Krünitz helps further: " Stips, among the Romans, an ace, or at least it should be that much. [ ... ] It was this coin as a charity, or if voluntary collections were collected. " Daheraus explained then his subsequent conversion to aid for learners. For now, however, the Roman citizens began to give this coin or at funerals of men who had rendered outstanding services to the state even the gladiators. In medieval Latin was stips then " alms for poorer students ' " means. In 1500, we borrowed the " scholarship " in the meaning " living; ( ecclesiastical ) benefice; Income, salary of a teacher, headmaster. "
With the beginning of the 16th century, the present meaning first appeared in the sources on ", financial support, training aid; Studies, research aid ' for needy, eligible students, (younger ) scientists and artists, formerly also, courts in Alumnat a school and educational institution in the Burse a university ' " used. One scholarship thus used as a synonym for Alumnat, free space, free site, " sometimes also for the community center, the Burse, used, because in many cases a free space is connected in such a scholarship ."
However, the term was extended at the end of the 16th century to non - academic areas as " financial assistance, entertainment; (Money ) Foundation; (fixed ) earnest money for specific purposes ', especially since later 19th century [ he is ] demonstrated in the church for, Foundation for the financing of trade fairs, esp of requiems; Measuring earnest money for a priest or sacristan. '" Therefore be found in many reference books church the reference to the " measurement scholarship ". In the source evidence of the German foreign words book, there are still more synonymous uses: Soldt, pfrunden, alms, benefices, Frey table set, boy, Salaria, Donatio, Dotates, Legatum, Subsidium, Foundation.
History
A scholarship is a voluntary transfer of funds for the support of needy in his education and training. Mostly these are funds which originate from the city or state treasury or from testamentary bequests / foundations. According to the founders, they are udg " Princely, Count, Adeliche, Raths scholarships mentioned. " if they are destined for certain courses, so there are Law, Medicine or Theology scholarships. If a scholarship is only passed on to family members, so it is a " family or gender scholarship ." According to the amount of money a distinction in Small and Large Grants. Depending on whether a scholarship for a student or a student is, one speaks of a " school or Academischem scholarship ".
These classifications can be found already in Zedler Universallexicon that has arisen in the second third of the 18th century, and they can be regarded as the first comprehensive presentation of the grant system for spa Saxony, but also for the kingdom, as will be shown later. A scholarship is always bound to various obligations to be fulfilled by the grantee, it may also be required both during and after training. Either he does various jobs, is at the service of the founder for a specified time and other receivables, which always depend individually by the scholarship provider.
The " Oekonomische Encyclopedia " by Krünitz from the end of the 18th century shows that the scholarships has been extended in this time also on the craft and the arts, and was intended not only for students, since it was realized that these training activities are important for the welfare of the state. Respectively. put it Weissenberger in the " Encyclopedia of Education " of 1915 still apt: " State and Church, society and bourgeoisie, in short all of the intellectual life of a people is from the establishment and granting of p [ Scholarships ] touched intimately. "
The administration of the grants was for initially an administrator appointed by the founder or management committee. With the early modern state formation and then strengthened again with the onset of the Protestant Reformation authorities are stewards of the church's foundation good, because the church property was transformed into community property. Thus, the foundations had to be rearranged and thus the scholarships. " After the National Police Regulations 1577 (Article XXVII § 2 and Article XXXII § 4) had committed the secular authority for supervision of the foundations, now were principles of, foundation police ' developed. "
The lords passed laws that governed the management of foundations and their secularization promoted. The individual authorities enacted specific scholarships orders as they are executed in " Zedler " for the Electorate of Saxony. Since many foundations of individuals were bequeathed to the schools directly, they were under the administration of the Church, as the school still was for the churches. Only in the 19th century, the state took over the organization of the education system, so that then the administration of grants fell into his portfolio. A next step was taken in the Weimar Constitution; In her 146 paragraph 1 and 3 was established that enabled students access to higher schools must be allowed by the state and the financial inability could not be the cause for the termination of education in the article.
The less well-off children 's school fees was adopted either partially or completely. After 1945 it took over these articles in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, and some countries, they extended this provision to the school fees and learning material. Here it is only in the very broad sense scholarships, as this is explained to a law and thus no longer the voluntary surrender of the founder is the cause. Today there are a variety of private and public institutions, pupils, students and young scientists with the help of scholarships in their studies support what, for example, the scholarship database of the German Academic Exchange Service provides a little impression.