Scinax

Scinax fuscovarius

The species-rich kink toes tree frogs ( Scinax ) represent the second largest genus of the subfamily Hylinae within the family of tree frogs dar. The genus name comes from the Greek word skinos = fast, nimble; scinax here in his adopted into Latin form.

Dissemination

These anurans come from east and southern Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay, and on the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Tobago and St. Lucia before.

Description

This usually drab colored tree frogs have in comparison to other tree frogs, a small to medium-sized head-body length and medium-sized eyes. The adhesive discs on the fingers are wider than long. On the fingers webbed entirely absent or reduced. The webbing between the first and the second toe is missing or reduced to a hem at the second toe. Other morphological characteristics with which one can distinguish Scinax species from other tree frogs, include the fontanel, which is highlighted behind the eyes ( to varying degrees), the integument of the head, which is not fused to the skull, the front part of the shed leg, which does not reach the upper jaw and the small jawbone, which is designed low and with the upper jaw forms a hinge.

Representatives of the different species group have common characteristics, such as a characteristic color of the insides of the legs at the S. rubra group ( so-called "flash colors" ). Bridesmaid (1987 ) described the remarkable ability of the first finger and first toe 90 ° bend forward, probably to sit safe " upside down ". Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) assign this seat way though only certain species of the genus to ( the S. rostrata group, see below systematics), in the literature yet emerged for all Scinax types of German trivial name "kink toes tree frogs " on.

Way of life

In its large area, there are Scinax species in almost all tropical and subtropical habitats with a particularly high level of diversification in the Atlantic Forest Southeast of Brazil. These tree frogs usually use ponds or swamps, often of a temporary nature, for reproduction. A group of species in South America reproduces itself in streams (p. Catharinae group), another lays eggs in water accumulations in terrestrial bromeliads (p. perpusilla group). The tadpoles are free swimming.

System

These tree frogs were held until 1977 in the Hyla Catharinae Group and the Hyla rubra group. Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977 ) they found in the genus Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843 This outdated classification is based mainly on the morphology of the sperm. Ololygon sperm have two, most other tree frog sperm only a tail. However, many other anuran species also possess two-tailed sperm. Pombal and Gordo (1991 ) also noticed that placed underneath of Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977 ) to the genus Ololygon species and the type species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 was, which has precedence before Ololygon. Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) showed additionally on the basis of morphological, osteological, larval and reproduction traits that Scinax Wagler, 1830 has precedence over Ololygon. They ordered the ( then known ) species seven groups:

Scinax Catharinae Group

S. albicans, S. ariadne, p argyreornata, p brieni, p Catharinae, p flavoguttatus, p heyeri, S. humilis, S. littoralis, S. and S. machadoi obtriangulatus

Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) modified the grouping according to Peixoto & Weygoldt (1987). The species of this group have as a common, derived characteristics that they lay their eggs in streams and the tadpoles of some species a dorsal gap in the dental papilla is lacking (p. albicans, S. ariadne, p flavoguttatus, p heyeri, p machadoi ) or greatly reduced (p. obtriangulatus ).

Scinax perpusilla (p. perpusillus ) group

S. alcatraz, S. atratus, S. cosenzai, p littoreus, p melloi, p insperatus, p perpusillus and S. v - signata

This group was first recognized by Peixoto (1987). Your styles feature V.A. to the fact that they only use Phytotelme of bromeliads to reproduce and have characteristic Rufer.

Types of S. Catharinae group and the S. perpusillus group possess a dorsal view of a short and blunt snout, a characteristic dorsal color pattern and tadpoles with a rounded snout (where the larvae are described and 1992 were ). Head duel & Wiens (1992), see also in derived characteristics.

Scinax rizibilis Group

S. Jureia, p Ranki and P. rizibilis

This group was first recognized by Andrade & Cardoso (1988). As a synapomorphy possess the three types paired vocal sacs.

Scinax rubra ( S. ruber ) group:

S. blairi, p chiquitanus, p elaeochrous, p funereus, p fuscovarius, p hayii, p quinquefasciatus, S. ruber and S. similis

Mexico to Argentina, most of the species in south-eastern Brazil; small to medium size, single fillet permanent vocal sac, undotted muzzle, inside of the hind legs dyed striking reputation of several pulses; Reproduction mainly in open areas.

Scinax rostrata ( S. rostratus ) group

S. boulengeri, p garbei, p kennedyi, S. nebulosus, S. pedromedinae, p proboscideus, S. rostratus and S. sugillatus

The group defined by Duellman (1972). All species have a pointed, flat snout. Except for S. nebulosa the known tadpoles have characteristic dental formulas. Except S. kennedyi and S. rostratus own all kinds conical, ulnar, tarsal and labial tubercle. Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) see it as a single feature of this group to sit " upside down " on vertical surfaces ( see above description) and to call it.

Scinax staufferi Group

S. agilis, S. baumgardneri, p berthae, S. danae, S. exiguus, p fuscomarginatus, p nasicus, S. parkeri, p squalirostris, p staufferi, S. and S. trilineatus wandae

Scinax x - signata (p. x - sigantus ) group

S. acuminatus, S. boesemani, p crospedospilus, p cruentommus, p cuspidatus and S. x - sigantus

However, the division into these seven groups based in part on of Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977 ) described differences in the morphology of sperm heads. In addition, could Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) do not confirm the monophyly of the S. ruber, S. staufferi and p x - siganatus groups and not assign all the known species of the seven groups.

Faivovich (2002) therefore conducted a cladistic analysis of 36 species of the genus and eight outside species based on osteological, myologischen, morphological features of said adults and larvae as well as features in the reproductive biology and karyotypes. From these results arise only two clades: the Scinax Catharinae clade ( with S. Catharinae and the S. perpusillus - species groups ) and the Scinax ruber clade ( with the S. rostratus, S. ruber and S. staufferi - species groups ). In addition, some species have been regrouped.

Faivovich et al. (2005 ) showed in their molecular genetic study of the family Hylidae, that the genus is monophyletic Scinax. Duellman & Wiens (1992 ) hypothesized that the Scinax Adelphotaxon of Scarthyla and this clade in turn is the Adelphotaxon of Sphaenorhynchus. Faivovich et al. (2005) tested this hypothesis also and showed that Scinax the sister group of Scarthyla is not, but either of a clade consisting of Scarthyla, Lysaphus and Pseudis, or a so-called "South America II " clade already mentioned in addition to the genera in addition to the genera Sphaenorhynchus and Xenohyla as well as some types includes that are out currently still under Hyla. The systematics of the genus Scinax is therefore not yet finally resolved.

Species

At the genus 111 species are currently being counted:

Scinax acuminatus ( Cope, 1862)
Scinax agilis ( Cruz and Peixoto, 1983)
Scinax albicans ( Bokermann, 1967)
Scinax alcatraz ( Lutz, 1973)
Scinax old ( Lutz, 1973)
Scinax angrensis Lutz, 1973
Scinax arduous Peixoto, 2002
Scinax argyreornatus ( Miranda - Ribeiro, 1926)
Scinax ariadne ( Bokermann, 1967)
Scinax aromothyella Faivovich, 2005
Scinax atratus ( Peixoto, 1989)
Scinax auratus (Wied - Neuwied, 1821)
Scinax baumgardneri ( Rivero, 1961)
Scinax belloni Faivovich, Gasparini & Haddad, 2010
Scinax berthae ( Barrio, 1962)
Scinax blairi ( Fouquette & Pyburn, 1972)
Scinax boesemani ( Goin, 1966)
Scinax boulengeri ( Cope, 1887)
Scinax brieni ( De Witte, 1930)
Scinax cabralensis Drummond, Baeta & Pires, 2007
Scinax caldarum ( Lutz, 1968)
Scinax camposseabrai ( Bokermann, 1968)
Scinax canastrensis ( Cardoso & Haddad, 1982)
Scinax cardosoi ( Carvalho e Silva & Peixoto, 1991)
Scinax carnevallii ( Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989)
Scinax castroviejoi De la Riva, 1993
Scinax Catharinae ( Boulenger, 1888)
Scinax centralis Pombal and Bastos, 1996
Scinax chiquitanus ( De la Riva, 1990)
Scinax constrictus Lima Bastos & Giaretta, 2005
Scinax cosenzai Lacerda, Peixoto & Feio, 2012
Scinax cretatus Nunes & Pombal, 2011
Scinax crospedospilus ( Lutz, 1925)
Scinax cruentommus ( Duellman, 1972)
Scinax curicica Pugliese, Pombal & Sazima, 2004
Scinax cuspidatus ( Lutz, 1925)
Scinax danae ( Duellman, 1986)
Scinax dolloi ( Werner, 1903)
Scinax duartei ( Lutz, 1951)
Scinax elaeochrous ( Cope, 1875)
Scinax eurydice ( Bokermann, 1968)
Scinax exiguus ( Duellman, 1986)
Scinax faivovichi Brasileiro, Oyamaguchi & Haddad, 2007
Scinax flavidus La Marca, 2004
Scinax flavoguttatus ( Lutz & Lutz, 1939)
Scinax funereus ( Cope, 1874)
Scinax fuscomarginatus ( Lutz, 1925)
Scinax fuscovarius ( Lutz, 1925)
Scinax garbei ( Miranda - Ribeiro, 1926)
Scinax granulatus (Peters, 1871)
Scinax hayii ( Barbour, 1909)
Scinax heyeri ( Peixoto & Weygoldt in Weygoldt, 1986)
Scinax hiemalis ( Haddad & Pombal, 1987)
Scinax humilis ( Lutz, 1954)
Scinax ictericus Duellman & Wiens, 1993
Scinax imbegue Nunes, Kwet & Pombal, 2012
Scinax insperatus da Silva & Alves - Silva, 2011
Scinax jolyi Lescure & Marty, 2000
Scinax juncae Nunes & Pombal Jr., 2010
Scinax Jureia ( Pombal and Gordo, 1991)
Scinax karenanneae ( Pyburn, 1993)
Scinax kautskyi ( Carvalho e Silva & Peixoto, 1991)
Scinax kennedyi ( Pyburn, 1973)
Scinax lindsayi Pyburn, 1992
Scinax littoralis ( Pombal and Gordo, 1991)
Scinax littoreus ( Peixoto, 1988)
Scinax longilineus ( Lutz, 1968)
Scinax luizotavioi ( Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989)
Scinax lutzorum Cardoso & Pombal Jr., 2010
Scinax machadoi ( Bokermann & Sazima, 1973)
Scinax manriquei Barrio - Amorós, Orellana & Chacón -Ortiz, 2004
Scinax maracaya ( Cardoso & Sazima, 1980)
Scinax melloi ( Peixoto, 1989)
Scinax muriciensis Cruz, Nunes & Lima, 2011
Scinax nasicus ( Cope, 1862)
Scinax nebulosus ( Spix, 1824)
Scinax obtriangulatus ( Lutz, 1973)
Scinax oreites Duellman & Wiens, 1993
Scinax pachycrus ( Miranda - Ribeiro, 1937)
Scinax parkeri ( Gaige, 1929)
Scinax pedromedinae (Henle, 1991)
Scinax peixotoi Brasileiro, Haddad, Sawaya & Martins, 2007
Scinax perereca Pombal, Haddad & Kasahara, 1995
Scinax perpusillus ( Lutz & Lutz, 1939)
Scinax pinima ( Bokermann & Sazima, 1973)
Scinax Pombal pusillus, bilat, Gambale, Signorelli & Bastos, 2011
Scinax proboscideus ( Brongersma, 1933)
Scinax quinquefasciatus ( Fowler, 1913)
Scinax Ranki ( Andrade & Cardoso, 1987)
Scinax rizibilis ( Bokermann, 1964)
Scinax rogerioi Pugliese, Baeta & Pombal, 2009
Scinax rostratus (Peters, 1863)
Scinax ruber ( Laurenti, 1768)
Scinax similis ( Cochran, 1952)
Scinax skaios Pombal, Carvalho, CANELAS & Bastos, 2010
Scinax skuki Lima, Cruz & Azevedo, 2011
Scinax squalirostris ( Lutz, 1925)
Scinax staufferi ( Cope, 1865)
Scinax strigilatus ( Spix, 1824)
Scinax sugillatus ( Duellman, 1973)
Scinax tigrinus Nunes, Carvalho & Pereira, 2010
Scinax trapicheiroi (A. & B. Lutz Lutz in Lutz, 1954)
Scinax trilineatus ( Hoogmoed & Gorzula, 1979)
Scinax Tripui Lourenço, Nascimento & Pires, 2010 "2009"
Scinax tupinamba Silva & Alves - Silva, 2008
Scinax tymbamirim Nunes, Kwet & Pombal, 2012
Scinax uruguayus ( Schmidt, 1944)
Scinax v - signatus ( Lutz, 1968)
Scinax wandae ( Pyburn & Fouquette, 1971)
Scinax x - signatus ( Spix, 1824)

Johann Georg Wagler Fontanelle Range (biology) Phytotelma

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