Scopula

Scopula imitaria

The genus Scopula is an extremely species-rich genus of butterfly family of the tensioner ( Geometridae ). Most species occur in the tropics and subtropics. Globally, may be included among this genus about 800 species, in a somewhat expanded concept even up to 900 species. In Europe, 43 species are given in German-speaking occur about 21 species.

Features

It is rather small moth with a wingspan of the order of about 15 to 30 millimeters, or just less about it. They have relatively wide front wing. The tips ( apices ) of the front wings can be rounded or slightly pointed. The outer edge of the hind wings is rounded or slightly truant. The ground color varies from almost white through various shades of brown to wine - or pink-red. The underside of the forewing is often darker than the underside of the hind wings, on the other hand determines the color on the top of the front and hind wings usually match. The drawing consists mostly of distinct surface of inner transverse line means binding and outer transverse line. These elements can almost go out at intraspecific variability. In addition the wave line and the hemline can be developed. Diskalflecken are present in many species.

The eggs usually have many strong longitudinal ribs which intersect with mostly weaker transverse ribs. They generally have a pale color, however, often appear after a few days red spots on the outside. The caterpillars hatch usually rapidly after only three to seven days from the eggs. They are relatively slender and often within species in color very variable. The dolls are usually brownish, but the elytra are often greenish or yellowish. The cremaster consists of four pairs of bristles.

Geographical distribution and habitat

Most species of the genus are native to the tropics and subtropics. A relatively small proportion of the species live in the temperate latitudes. According to the large number of species is also a great width observed in the habitats of the species. The vast majority is limited to warmer regions because of their tropical and subtropical distribution. But many of occurring in Central Europe species are described as warmth. The types come from the plains to z.T. to great heights of over 3000 meters before. There are relatively stationary faithful species, other species migrate over short and medium distances.

Way of life

The species of the genus are uni- up plurivoltin, ie there are one to several generations per year trained. Most species are crepuscular and nocturnal, few also fly during the day. Often artificial light sources will be flown, many styles also come to the bait. The caterpillars are z.T. monophagous, but mostly polyphagous and feed on various herbaceous plants and leaves of trees and bushes. More rarely they also eat moss. In temperate latitudes, usually overwinter the caterpillars.

System

The genus includes, depending on the genus concept between 800 and 900 species. Here, only the European species are listed:

  • Scopula arenosaria (Staudinger, 1879)
  • Scopula albiceraria ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1844)
  • Scopula beckeraria ( Lederer, 1853)
  • Scopula cajanderi ( Heart, 1904)
  • Silk Gloss Small tensioner ( Scopula caricaria ( Reutti, 1853) )
  • Scopula concinnaria ( Duponchel, 1842)
  • Scopula corrivalaria ( Kretschmar, 1862)
  • Scopula decolor (Staudinger, 1898)
  • Sand thyme small tensioner ( Scopula decorata ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )
  • Scopula divisaria (Christoph, 1893)
  • Salt marshes Small tensioner ( Scopula emutaria ( Hübner, 1809) )
  • Scopula flaccidaria (Zeller, 1852)
  • Yellowish White Small tensioner ( Scopula floslactata ( Haworth, 1809) )
  • Scopula frigidaria ( Möschler, 1860)
  • Scopula guancharia ( Alphéraki, 1889)
  • Scopula honestata ( Mabille, 1869)
  • Reddish Yellow Small tensioner ( Scopula imitaria ( Hübner, 1799) )
  • Scopula immistaria ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1852)
  • Marbled small tensioner ( Scopula immorata ( Linnaeus, 1758) )
  • Four-point - free tensioner ( Scopula immutata ( Linnaeus, 1758) )
  • White Grey Small tensioner ( Scopula incanata ( Linnaeus, 1758) )
  • Scopula irrorata ( Bethune -Baker, 1891)
  • Scopula luridata (Zeller, 1847)
  • Edge stain - free tensioner ( Scopula marginepunctata ( Goeze, 1781) )
  • Scopula minorata ( Boisduval, 1833)
  • Silver White Small tensioner ( Scopula nemoraria ( Hübner, 1799) )
  • Eckflügel small tensioner ( Scopula nigropunctata ( Hufnagel, 1767) )
  • Scopula ochraceata (Staudinger, 1901)
  • Scopula orientalis ( Alphéraki, 1876)
  • Jewelry small tensioner ( Scopula ornata ( Scopoli, 1763) )
  • Scopula rubellata (Staudinger, 1871)
  • Violet Red pickup tensioner ( Scopula rubiginata ( Hufnagel, 1767) )
  • Scopula scalercii Hausmann, 2003
  • Scopula submutata ( Treitschke, 1828)
  • Snow White Small tensioner ( Scopula subpunctaria ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1847) )
  • Scopula subtilata (Christoph, 1867)
  • Blueberry small tensioner ( Scopula ternata (cabinet, 1802) )
  • Scopula tessellaria ( Boisduval, 1840)
  • Scopula turbidaria ( Hübner, 1819)
  • Scopula turbulentaria (Staudinger, 1870)
  • Milkweed small tensioner ( Scopula umbelaria ( Hübner, 1813) )
  • Scopula vigilata Prout, 1913
  • Brown Striped Small tensioner ( Scopula virgulata ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )

The type species of the genus is Phalaena paludata Linnaeus, 1767, a junior synonym of Scopula ornata ( Scopoli, 1763). By some authors, the genus is divided into several sub- genres: Scopula ( Scopula ) cabinet, 1802 Scopula ( Calothysanis ) Hübner, 1823 Scopula ( Holarctias ) Prout, 1913 and Scopula ( Ustocidalia ) Sterneck 1932

Swell

Sterrhinae Scopulini Bryophyte
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