Stadsfries dialects
As Stadtfriesisch a group of Dutch- West Frisian mixed dialects is referred to in various cities in the Dutch province of Friesland. The dialects are usually classified as Dutch and Dutch dialects. Your emergence is usually associated with the political changes in 1515, some linguists put the beginnings of the development but also much earlier on. The dialects have mostly a Dutch vocabulary and a grammar West Frisian.
The term " Stadtfriesisch " is misleading insofar as it implies an affiliation with the West Frisian language of the province of Friesland, which is not given. Nevertheless, the designation Stadsfries - the language of the Frisians in the cities - naturalized in the Dutch language. On Stadtfriesisch one speaks of Stadsfrys, Stads or used the particular name of the local dialect. In West Frisian with Stêdsk ( " Urban " ) has established a name that does not include a connection to the Frisian languages. To distinguish the West Frisian peasant rural population of the language of the urban population also the name Boerenfries ( " Bauernfriesisch ") was compared with the Stadsfries.
Features
The following description refers to the dialect of the friesländischen capital of Leeuwarden, the Liwwadders.
Vocabulary
Although this dialect has mainly a Dutch character, often breaking through the West Frisian nature of speech. So it is on Stadtfriesisch as on West Frisian, impossible to have a word with v or z (both letters are in Dutch Spelling voiced fricatives ) to make it begin: one f or s is required. Furthermore, there are countless words that appear in both the West Frisian and in Dutch, who get a proper mixed form in Stadfriesischen.
Pure West Frisian words also exist, especially in the area of the farm system ( the farmers had indeed keep the West Frisian ) and for things that relate to everyday life. Comparisons ndl. greed, West Frisian - holl. Jier, ier, wfries. jarre, stfries. jarre, liquid manure ', and ndl. vader, wfries. unit, stfries. ness 'father'. The explanation is simple: the Netherlands was in the time in which it replaced the Frisian, especially a contact language with merchants and the language of the rich and noble people. In informal areas so it did not penetrate.
In addition, many words agree agree neither with the Dutch nor the West Frisian. This is to (old ) Dutch dialect words, such as westfriesländisch - holl. hewwe, stfries. hewwe have ' (opposite wfries hawwe, ndl hebben. . ); holl tillers, put ' stfries. lege lie, ' (opposite wfries. Lizze, lie, lay ', ndl. liggen lie ').
Grammar
The grammar of Frisian town is mostly Frisian origin. The personal pronoun you is herein before dou, while it has long since disappeared in Dutch. Also, the past participle is not, as in Dutch and German, with ge - formed: make- maakte - maakt ( " make - made - made " ), and there are two infinitives in-e and -en, side by side. The syntax is also more than Dutch West Frisian, although this varies gradually with increasing pressure of the Netherlands.
The Town Frisian but did not get the two classes of weak verbs that are so typical of Frisian.
Dialects
The Town Frisian is composed of different, unconnected with each other dialects. These dialects are used in Leeuwarden, Sneek, Harlingen, Stavoren, Dokkum, Bolsward, Franeker and, more recently, in Heerenveen and Kollum. Related dialects are spoken in the village of Terschelling Terschelling, on the island of Ameland, in Het Bildt ( Bildt ), but these are not referred to as Stadtfriesisch.
Most of the soft dialect of Stavoren, in particular, through his position as Zuiderseehafen more Dutch characteristics, and the Midslander and Ameland dialects differ from each other. However, they are to be understood all together.
Most of the dialects have fallen back in the 20th century in the area of " ordinary people " and result in serious image problems. Especially in Leeuwarden this has meant that only a few people use the dialects still: here speak only about 20 percent of the population still frequently Stadtfriesisch. Sometimes children of two parents stadtfriesischsprachigen be easily reared in Dutch. In other places and districts, the situation is better. On Ameland even is still 85 percent of young people speak the dialect yet.