Stereum
Striegeliger layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum )
The layer Mushrooms ( Stereum ) are a genus of fungi that grow their fruiting bodies on wood. They play a role as decomposers of wood, some species can also occur as parasites on living trees and timber devalue during long storage.
The type species is the Striegelige layer fungus ( Stereum hirsutum ).
- 6.1 Literature
- 6.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The fruiting bodies are on or perennial, sessile or with short lateral stem. The growth habit is pronounced in some species effus - reflex, ie the fruit body cover more or less large areas and are bent on the edge partly to small cones. Other species grow again pileat, that form of cones, some of which are short-stalked to the side. The surfaces of the cones are hairy and zoned. The tough - leathery to corky - woody fruiting bodies have a smooth or warty hymenium. The name derives from the genus are the stratiform fruiting bodies. These arise because every year on the bottom of a new hymenial layer is applied. Thus, for example, when reddening Runzelschichtpilz up to 20 layers are formed, which can be seen in cross section. In some species exits on the sporulating bottom with vigorous rubbing red latex, they " redden ". The color of the underside of the fruiting body is gray to yellow or brownish.
Microscopic characteristics
The Hyphenstruktur is dimitisch, so it is composed of generative hyphae and Skeletthyphen. The latter condition the chewy texture of the fruit body. The generative hyphae are hyaline, cylindrical, thin - to thick-walled and some do not have buckles on the septum. In crops, in Wirtelschnallen. The Skeletthyphen are hyaline to yellowish, cylindrical and thick-walled. They are not, or only slightly branched. Partial occur Zystiden and Acanthohyphiden, then hyaline to yellowish, thin - to thick-walled, not or only slightly are encrusted. The basidia are colorless as well as the four spores, which are each formed on a basidium. The spores are narrow, ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth and thin-walled. You are amyloid, so they turn blue with Melzer's reagent.
Ecology
The fungi of the genus Stereum are white rot fungi. They can occur in both Softwood and Hardwood in, with some species prefer clear certain woody species as a substrate. Thus one finds the shaggy oak - layer mushroom, the twig - layer mushroom and, though not so clearly, the widespread Striegeligen layer fungus on oak, while the Bleeding Softwood layer mushroom preferably occurs at Spruce, otherwise in other conifers. Although the latter settled mostly freshly cut logs, but can also occur as a wound parasite on living trees.
The Bleeding Softwood layer fungus forms a remarkable symbiosis with wood wasps ( Siricidae ). The female insects have at their abdomen a special organ, called Mycetangium in which they " deposit " units spread of the fungus (usually arthrospores ) of Weissfäuleerregers. This will leave laying eggs along with the eggs in the wood, where they form a mycelium and start the decomposition. The larvae of the wasps they also offer some of their food. The advantage arising to the mushroom from the symbiosis, is the controlled transmission of infectious material to suitable host trees. A similar relationship has been demonstrated between wood wasp species and other fungi corticioiden, about Amylostereum chailletii.
System
Index Fungorum lists about 750 taxa named " Stereum ". The name given to many species because of their morphological appearance ( steroids fruiting bodies ) with other clans in the family of Corticiaceae sl ( Cortical layer and fungi) have been combined. These mushrooms have a more or less similar habit, but phylogenetically belong to different, not more closely related groups.
At the end of the 20th century were found in comparative studies on the structure of the hymenium on microscopic features of the spores parallels to the Täublingsartigen. This resulted in more recent molecular genetic work to the conclusion that the genus Stereum the relationship among the russulas ( russuloid clade ) is to be allocated.
The tough leathery to woody- hard formation of the layer mushrooms in contrast to the soft and perishable Täublingen is interpreted that the fruiting bodies of these fungi that colonize wood without contact to the ground, must be adapted to short-term drought. A solid fruit body is also a condition that it may be several years old - also an ecological advantage.
In the literature on plant pathology or structural damage caused by wood-destroying fungi several species are named with the name " Stereum " partly still to this day, although they systematically belong to other clans. Examples are the mosaic layer mushroom ( Xylobous frustulosus; formerly S. frustulosus ), types of amyloid layer mushrooms (A. areolatum, A. and A. chailletii laevigatum; earlier chailletii p, p and p areolatum laevigatum ) or milk shine in fruit trees, by the Purple cartilage layer mushroom ( Chondrostereum purpureum, formerly p. purpureum ) is caused.
Types and occurrence
So far, nine species of the genus Stereum treated here s.str. detected in the temperate zone of the Holarctic, including eight in Europe. Almost all European species were also found in Germany, in the enumeration whose German name is listed.
In GBIF following 24 species found worldwide listed (11/ 09)
Importance
The Bleeding Softwood layer fungus ( S. sanguinolentum ) is one of the most important Wundfäuleerreger of spruce. Other conifers such as larch, pine and fir are among its host range.
The fungus is of economic importance because this will damage it as colonizer of freshly cut softwood for long storage. It causes the so-called red stripes, which may lead in particular to spruce and fir to the impairment of the wood.
To calibrate the Striegelige layer fungus occurs ( Stereum hirsutum ) than beef parasite that is called " Stereum Cancer ". Particularly vulnerable is originally from America red oak. The fungus causes local Kambiumschäden and stem deformations. At other deciduous trees such as alder it can also occur as a secondary parasite.
During the Bleeding Softwood layer fungus damaged conifers, the Striegelige layer fungus attacks hardwoods, especially beech and oak. There he produced a weißstreifige discoloration of wood ( Weißstreifigkeit ), later a continuous white coloration with yellowish tones. On wooden constructions, which is not exposed to the weather, he has only minor importance as a pest.
Even on the vine in the Striegelige layer fungus can occur as a pest. Here he follows the Mediterranean fire sponge ( Fomitiporia mediterranea ) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora as the primary causative agent of esca disease and reduces the of them pre-damaged wood of the vines. Symptomatic of an expanding white rot. The fungus destroyed eventually the vascular tissue, bringing the vines to die.