Strawberry

The garden strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa, Syn Fragaria × magna), pineapple strawberry or strawberry culture is the useful plant of the genus strawberries. The parent species of these interspecific hybrids derived from the American continent.

• 4.1 Natural strawberry flavor

Descent

The garden strawberry was built in the 18th century in Europe from the random intersection of two American strawberry species Fragaria chiloensis (Chile strawberry ) Fragaria virginiana and ( scarlet strawberry). She's just like the original parents oktoploid ( 8n = 56 ). The set of chromosomes has indicated the composition AAA'A'BBB'B ', where the A- chromosome sets are similar to the chromosome number of wild strawberry and the B chromosome sets kinship with the Fragaria iinumae. When and where the Oktoploidie the output species originated is unknown.

From the original form of the garden strawberry many varieties have been bred.

The type was also used to further Artkreuzungen. Fragaria × vescana is a hybrid of the octoploid garden strawberry with a wild strawberry with doubled set of chromosomes. The resulting Arthybride has ten sets of chromosomes ( dekaploid ).

Cultivation

Commercial cultivation began in Germany around the year 1840 in Staufenberg near Baden -Baden. Approximately 1,000 varieties available to growers available, but only a few meet the requirements of the trade, the emphasis on large and handsome fruit sets that are transportable and little susceptible to gray mold.

The commercial cultivation of strawberries in the field is mainly in single rows in the flat field. The row pitch is 0.80 m to 1.0 m and the distance between the plants in the series is 20 - 40 cm. Increasingly, strawberries are also grown on small dams, which are coated with a so-called mulch film. Main advantage here is the better root health in difficult, especially clayey or wet soils. The lifetime of the plant is usually only 1 or 2 years. The space between the rows is covered in the heyday with straw to protect the fruits from dirt and rot.

Different cultivation techniques are used to stretching of the offer period: these include the canopy with walking tunnel, putting up mini tunnels, covering with fabric, perforated film or a combination of both, covering with straw and the date culture.

• Hiking tunnels are simple plastic greenhouses which are annually assembled and disassembled. The Verfrühungseffekt is approximately 15 - 20 days. It is a relatively expensive process, because of the roofing have the plants but also weather protection. The area ratio in Germany is increasing.
• Fleece cover of vegetation start until the beginning of flowering early harvest by more than one week. If a hole- film revealed to win another 3 days. In climatically early growing areas the fleece or the double cover is the standard method.
• Straw cover: In late winter, the whole field is covered with thick straw. By the later bud break to harvest by 5 or more days of delay
• Appointment culture: these so-called waiting bed or strong Frigo plants are cut down and frozen at -1 ° C stored in hibernation. After planting in May or June, the harvest begins 7-8 weeks later.

In recent decades, increasingly widespread cultivation of strawberry in substrate on racks under glass or foil. The transition from simple houses to film greenhouses is fluid. When heated, two to three harvests a year are possible In addition, the strawberries may not be contaminated and the risk of the roof on the basis of fruit rot is lower.

The main harvest of the strawberries will be held in the months of May, June and July in Central Europe. Fruits that have come from transportation, are almost all year round commercially available. In autumn and winter fresh strawberries come from Israel, Egypt and overseas to us, from February from Spain and Morocco from March from Italy and France.

In Germany, the area planted to strawberries was in the year 2012 19.048 acres, which she has continued to rise compared to the previous years ( 2011: 17,223 hectares).

Varieties

The annexe houses over one hundred varieties, of which about thirty in commercial fruit growing have meaning. Man once and differs everbearing (eg ' Elan ') varieties. The once -bearing varieties, also known as June carrier or short- day varieties, bear in Central European climate about 4 weeks. The ripening time is depending on the climate and variety of the month of June. The remo saving work ever-bearing varieties bring a small harvest in early June and the majority of the end of July until frost. In general, the selections in animal remo taste worse.

All varieties can be harvested over several years. Mainly because of the declining with the age of the plants fruit size but are usually only 1 or 2 year cultivated in commercial cultivation.

Among the popular particularly at hobby gardeners varieties - often it involves crossing the garden strawberry - are " hanging strawberries ," ground cover varieties such as ' Florika 'or' complaints ' and ' climbing strawberries ", which can grow up tied to fences. Also, " strawberry tree " available today.

The main varieties in conventional farming in Germany are:

• ' Flair': very early, fruit medium red shiny, regular long - pointed cone-shaped, good to very good taste with more acid than Clery, low to medium yield, plant makes high demands on water and ( trace ) nutrients, prone to crown rot
• ' Honeoye ': early, dark red fruit shiny, blunt conical, smooth, slightly acidic taste in sweltering weather, heavy hangings and much leaf mass also bitter fruits, susceptible to root diseases, high yields
• ' Clery ': early, bright light red, regular long - pointed cone-shaped, smooth, slightly flat taste, since very little acidity, medium yield, rather less susceptible to root diseases spread in warm growing regions
• ' Darselect ': early to medium early, medium red fruit and conical, very good taste, especially with high daytime temperatures, very susceptible to frost flowers and mildew, middle income
• ' Elsanta ': main locations; medium early, bright fruit (orange ) red, broadly conical, good to very good taste, in rainy weather a bit watery, well preserved, plants susceptible to root diseases, high to very high yield (up to 30 t / ha)
• ' Sonata ': harvest time about 2 days after Elsanta with somewhat stronger fruit color. Taste some better than Elsanta with a little more acidity and aroma. Fruit skin softer. Hardly cripple fruit. Relatively new variety with already large area shares in commercial cultivation. Very susceptible to crown rot.
• ' Lambada ': early to medium early, the flavor of this variety is praised again and again. Unfortunately, their yield is only moderate (1.5 kg yield Hkl 1 per m) and it is very susceptible to mildew.
• ' Korona': medium early, fruit red to dark red, initially large, in the course of harvesting small becoming, very soft, therefore it exists only as Selbstpflücksorte, taste very good, prone to fruit rot, high yield
• 'Florence': late, fruit regularly conical, medium red, sometimes with a brownish to purple tinge, taste good, but varies from fruit to fruit, yield very high
• ' Malvina ': extremely late, about 22 days after Elsanta. Fruit dark red, shiny, evenly broadly cone- shaped, fully developed excellent taste. Fruit slightly soft. Plant planted very strong. Susceptible to crown rot and Xanthomonas

Have small area proportions or regional importance (after ripening period ) the varieties Alba, Daroyal, Rumba, Elianny, polka, Symphony, salsa and Yamaska ​​and the remo animal selections in Evie 2, Everest, Florin, Sweet Eve and Eve 's Delight

The following varieties have in the past achieved a high level of awareness, but were supplanted by newer varieties. They are now grown almost exclusively in home gardens:

• ' Senga Sengana ': medium early maturing with medium-sized, dark red fruit - a good variety with the best features for preserving and freeze it, but compared to modern varieties low income
• ' Kitty Schindler ': Late places with small, dark red, highly aromatic fruit
• ' Tenira ': Late places with intense red and large fruits
• ' Elvira ': big, rich red berries, ripens early
• Pineapple Strawberry: a white strawberry with red nutlets and light pineapple flavor

The popular with amateur gardeners so-called strawberry blossoms and bears fruit month from May to October and is therefore also called " everbearing " strawberry. It does not belongs to the type of garden strawberry, but the wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca var semperflorens ).

New strawberry varieties are selected in the German-speaking countries from different breeders and propagated itself or under license. Here, taste, disease resistance, fruit firmness / transport ability and income are the most important selection criteria.

Site Requirements

For a healthy thriving Strawberries need full sun and sheltered location. As the flowers develop after the end of the cold period, they are highly vulnerable to late frosts.

Optimal conditions for strawberries has a profound and well-drained soil. He should be humus and nutrient rich. Particularly beneficial is a slightly acidic soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5.

The root system of the strawberry is very sensitive and can be affected by various soil-borne fungi. On wet or prone to waterlogging soils no strawberries to be grown, because the roots then often of the pink rot (Phytophthora fragariae ) are affected. Almost all popular varieties are also susceptible to very susceptible to Verticillium wilt, caused by the fungus Verticillium on strawberries dahliae. Surfaces on which already stood once potatoes are occupied with a high probability Verticillium microsclerotia and therefore unsuitable. On plots where already more likely to have been strawberries, you have to with an infestation of crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum ) or black root rot, caused by various soil fungi count.

Some kleinwüchsigere strawberry varieties are also suitable for sunny balconies.

Due to their interactions that are explored by the allelopathy, next to each other growing plants do differently well depending on the combination. Borage, bush bean, garlic, lettuce, radishes, chives, spinach, onions and leeks are well combined with the garden strawberry. A bad neighbor is carbon.

Use

Strawberries are picked, and enjoyable, if at least two-thirds of the fruit surface are colored red. However, their full flavor develops only when they are picked mature. To a ripening does not occur in strawberries. Ideally, they are eaten immediately after picking. Strawberries are limited transportable, as they are very sensitive to pressure and susceptible to mold. In the fridge they can be stored for two to six degrees Celsius approximately one to two days. At temperatures between 0 and two degrees they are stable up to five days.

To handle them, they are washed before stems and sepals are removed because of the contact with water will cause them to lose flavor. If they are sprinkled with sugar, which may not happen until just before serving, as they lose a lot of juice and soft.

Play a major role in the production of strawberry jams. In addition, you can find diverse use for the preparation of desserts and baked goods. Another potential application is the use of strawberry wine, strawberry liqueur or strawberry punch.

Ingredients

Strawberries contain more vitamin C than oranges and lemons. In addition, they are rich in folic acid, calcium, magnesium and iron. Because strawberries are very low in calories, they are considered " slimming ".

Natural strawberry flavor

In many food products with strawberry flavor such as strawberry yogurt or strawberry fruit, the taste is reinforced by admixed aromas of cost and enhance flavors reasons. Flavoring preparations with strawberry flavor can be produced by different methods. " Natural flavor " that smells like strawberries and taste, must not be derived from strawberries in the legal sense. The "natural flavorings" may all be referred to such loud Aromenverordnung in which " the flavoring components consist exclusively of natural flavoring substances or flavoring preparations " - that is, from any biological organism. Strawberries or strawberry fruit preparations ( fruit mix with little strawberry share ) are often added only in small quantity or completely replaced by carriers with flavors. This can be taken from the list of ingredients.

Strawberry flavor can also be obtained as an extract from strawberry fruits. It consists of more than 300 components, among which over 90 carboxylic acid ester, 30 carboxylic acids, acetals about 20, about 40 alcohols and ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and even some sulfur compounds are. The main components are 4 -hydroxy-2 ,5-dimethyl -3 ( 2H)- furanone -4- Decano lactone, (E)- hex-2 -en- 1-ol, (E)- hex-2 -en- 1 al, hex-2 - en-1- yl acetate, linalool, methyl anthranilate, ethyl butyrate, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester. An example of a man-made substance with a strong strawberry flavor is the " Erdbeeraldehyd " ( ethyl methylphenylglycidat, 2,3- epoxy-3- methyl-3- phenyl-propanoic acid ethyl ester ), which is falsely called aldehyde.

The acreage of strawberries would be greatly expanded if only real strawberries to be used instead of flavoring preparations for food production.

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