Strobilurus tenacellus
Bitter pine cone ( Strobilurus tenacellus )
The Bitter pine cone pine cones or Bitter Nail fungus ( Strobilurus tenacellus syn:. Pseudohiatula tenacella ) is a species of fungus in the family of chaga relatives ( Physalacriaceae ). He grows up and buried fallen pine cones and forms from March to April 5-7 cm high and 1-2 cm broad, reddish or rußbraune fruiting bodies. These look similar to those of the Mild Pine PTO Rüblings and are only microscopically sure to differ from them, since the content of the eponymous bitter substances varies in both species.
- 5.1 Literature
- 5.2 External links
- 5.3 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The fruiting bodies of bitter pine Zapf Rüblings is long-stemmed and has a first, later flattened hat, which gives him the appearance of a nail; which corresponds to the alternate name Bitter nail sponge. The smooth, dry hat of the fruit body has a diameter of 1-2 cm and is of a reddish color to rußbrauner. In wet weather the brim is slightly serrated hygrophanous up significantly. In young fruit bodies the fins are whitish, with increasing age, they turn gray and yellow ocher to the edge. They have grown up free standing The reddish ochroid stem attaches above the earth 5-7 cm in height. Underground is followed by a 5-8 cm root certificate, which is seated on the underground substrate, ie the pine cones. The fruiting body has a thin mushroom meat that does not have a distinct smell and can taste mild or bitter. The spore print is white.
Externally similar to the fruiting bodies not only the Mild pine cone, which is growing at about the same time, but also other fungi that grow on conifer cones. Especially in autumn occur similar fruiting bodies, such as the mouse tail Rübling ( Baeospora Myosurus ), or spruce cone ( S. esculentus ). The mouse tail Rübling can be based on the macroscopic characteristics, identify spruce cone on the basis of the substrate. In contrast, the mild pine cone can only be separated on the basis of microscopic properties of bitter pine cone.
Microscopic characteristics
The Bitter pine cone like all Zapf Velvet foot over smooth, hyaline and inamyloide spores with thin walls, which can not be colored with cotton blue. You are 6.5-8.0 × 3.0-4.5 microns in size and sit each foursome on the 20-35 × 7.5-11 microns large basidia.
The most obvious distinguishing feature for Mild pine cone form the existing Cheilo and pleurocystidia of the fungus: During Mild pine cone over thick, blunt and encrusted cystidia features that the bitter pine Zapf Rüblings are pointed and largely free of crystals. They measure 50-60 microns in height and 12-13 microns in width and rise in the underlying layer of the fruit Subhymenium. The hat skin layer hymeniform is constructed, that is, it is similar in their cell structure of the arrangement of cells in the fruit layer of the fungus. She also has bottle-shaped to lobed Pileozystiden. The flesh of the stem is sarkodimitisch: Instead of an ordinary dimitischen Trama of Bitter pine cone has an array of normal generative hyphae as well as bottle-shaped, thick-walled and made long generative hyphae; generative hyphae therefore assume here the function of the Skeletthyphen.
Chemical composition
Like other Zapf Velvet foot contain the fruiting bodies of the species Strobilurins. These hydrocarbon compounds function as insecticide and fungicide and allow the bitter pine cone to dominate its niche over other Saprobionten. Strobilurin kills both non- strobilurinhaltige fungi and wood-inhabiting insects and other warm-blooded animals by inhibiting cellular respiration in the mitochondria. From cold-blooded animals, however, the substance is broken down very rapidly and shows no harmful effect.
Dissemination
The distribution area of the Bitter pine Zapf Rüblings includes large parts of Europe. He seems to be lacking in the Iberian Peninsula and in Ireland. Otherwise, it is found in all regions of France to the European part of Russia. The vertical distribution ranges from the lowlands to high mountains.
Ecology
The Bitter pine cone is like all Zapf Velvet foot a Saprobiont, which feeds on vermorschenden conifer cones in the optimum phase. He is growing, according to his name, usually in the Journal of pines ( Pinus ). In Central Europe the journal of the Scots pine ( P. sylvestris) are frequently substrate, besides also black ( P. nigra) and mountain pine ( P. mugo ). In mixed sites of pine and spruce (Picea ), they can occasionally grow on spruce cones.
At the location, the kind no special requirements. It occurs everywhere where pines grow and is found in their area of distribution in all climate, soil and vegetation types. The fruiting bodies appear from April to June, late in suitable weather conditions up back in March, at high altitudes. Especially in the lowlands it can also lead to a second Fruktifikationsperiode at corresponding conditions.
System
According to DNA analysis, is different than it suggest the appearance and ecology, not the mildness pine cone (p. stephanocystis ), but the spruce cone (P. esculentus ), the sister species of bitter pine Zapf Rüblings. Both species have a similar Zystidenstruktur, consisting of thin, acuminate cystidia without incrustation.