Structure gauge

As a gauge, a defined boundary line is called, which is mostly for the vertical transverse plane a route ( for example, roads or railway tracks ) determined. With the gauge is on the one hand required " clear space" that must be kept free of objects on the track, on the other hand, it also serves as a structural requirement for the design of the proposed vehicles. This must not exceed the specified limit lines in the cross section, one must also consider whether to stay at a particular length in curves even within the clearance gauge.

The charge carriers ( eg a railway company ) or an authority (eg the Federal Railway Office or the Public Roads Administration ) determined for all or selected parts of the infrastructure network, the shape and dimensions of, or gauges.

The gauge is determined not only closely related to the vehicle dimensions, but also with regard to other safety distances, eg for service and supply channels to electrical installations and possibly also the free view signals and other operational needs.

Railway

Standard track clearance

The control light space is the place, the need to release all neighboring cultivations along railway tracks at least, so that all vehicles can move safely. The differences between the boundary lines give the safety distance.

Previously was found to control at all stations a loading gauge ( a structure made of flat iron), which allowed zoom pan for a checkup completed loaded wagon to the track and with the loading gauge was checked.

The various vehicle gauges were established by the International Union of Railways in the UIC leaflets 505-1, 505-4, 505-5, 505-6 and 506. In Germany, the Railway Construction and Operation (EBO ) defines binding rules ( International profile G1, larger national profile G2 ) for the standard gauge railways complied with height and width restrictions.

Most European standard gauge trains, for example, in Scandinavia, the Benelux countries, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Greece, have a similar gauge as the German railways. Within these countries, almost all cars that match the UIC gauge, are used liberally, which in particular facilitates long-distance and freight traffic.

For smaller gauges for example, narrow gauge railways, Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland (planned rail network ) and Japan ( Kapspurnetz ) are known. Through the euro tunnel come regularly English freight cars to Central Europe, but many cars built in Central Europe can not go to England, except on the high- speed line that connects with London (High Speed ​​One ) the Euro Tunnel.

Have larger gauges, for example, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Japan ( only high speed network ), India, Pakistan, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan (1520 -mm gauge lines and planned Indian broad gauge network, not standard gauge network ), the USA, Canada, planned Brunel broad gauge network ( never built ) and three- meter gauge network ( never built ). Although from Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine meet regularly express train passenger cars to Germany; but these are purpose-built for use by Central Europe car, which correspond to the local gauge.

Until a few years ago perverse large profile sleeper on individual routes to Berlin and at times the stationing of Soviet troops also to Wunsdorf, Schwerin, Dresden and Erfurt. For some time now operate Swedish car with the usual gauge there on the night train with LÜ via Sassnitz to Berlin.

Of-gauge ( LÜ )

A shipment with of-gauge ( Lü - broadcast) is an extraordinary mission in the railway traffic. An item will be considered exceptional if it can be transported due to external dimensions, weight, or by their nature only under special technical or operational conditions.

Definition

Shipments with gauge loads - in short called Lü broadcasts - have a measured half-width of more than 1 575 mm and must be reviewed by a technical expert.

Classification

In gauge loads (short LÜ ), there are special procedures. With the utmost of-gauge Dora eg the opposite track is blocked and intersections are not readily possible. The various LÜ are denoted by letters and meaning:

• ( a) " LÜ Anton": only the amount exceeding, without measures for the opposite track

• ( b ) " LÜ Berta ": small width is exceeded, without action, but see ( c )

• ( c ) " LÜ Caesar ": width is exceeded, exclusion of LÜ broadcasts Berta or Caesar in the adjacent track

• ( d) " LÜ Dora ": wide width is exceeded, blocking the adjacent track

Calculation

S corresponds to the average distance between track centers, ie measured from the center of the track of a track from the track center of the next track. 1750 mm is the regular half the width of a vehicle consisting of 1575 mm, which corresponds to the loading gauge of the DB AG, plus 75 mm as a supplement for the arc swing of the vehicle in curves plus an additional 100 mm as an addition to operating irregularities. A rule show, but also the Lü broadcast Anton has therefore never been a half-width of about 1750 mm. When Lu - Berta refers to a vehicle if it has a half width between 1750 mm and S / 2. The group Lü - Caesar include all vehicles with a half- width of S / 2 to S -1750 mm. Everything that the measure exceeds S -1750 mm, a Lü -Dora.

Identification

All exceptional consignments, even Lü programs, are specifically marked. This is done through a blue slip (sample U) in the card holder of the car, the bill of lading is the matching counterpart, the little blue piece of paper attached, and in the Carlist "Gap " is in column 10 under remarks entered.

History

The standard track clearance was first calculated in Germany after the operation order from 1928 based on a static perspective. To take account of the movement behavior of vehicles has been considered by global surcharges. With the Third EEO amending regulation from May 1991, this approach was replaced by a kinematic approach. Thus, the clearance should be exploited optimally taking into account a margin of safety. A large number of exemptions could account for it. As the core of the kinematic consideration the specified in UIC Leaflet 505 reference line of the reference kinematic serves. A rolling stock I previously contained in the EEO has been replaced by the ( wider ) with the G1, the vehicle gauge II through the reference line G2. The previous page area AB and CD were included in the standard track clearance, thereby increasing the space to be kept free of new buildings at a distance of 2.50 m from the track axis; for S-Bahn trains were still special rules. The profile G1 is intended for vehicles of cross-border transport; for the other vehicles, the profile G2 applies. Has been added also the option to allow wider vehicles in specific areas of application of distance express services as well as in the S -Bahn.

Already in the design of the introduced in May 1967 EBO was proposed to introduce a kinematic vehicle limit. These considerations, however, were discarded after the appropriate examinations of the UIC had not been completed. In the initial version of the EEO therefore the formerly laid down in the BO dimensions was also adopted as the subdivision of the clear space in standard track clearance, side rooms and space for the passage of the pantograph. New addition to the EBO 1967, however arrangements for reductions of the width dimension of the control space were light.

DC suburban railways

The dc-powered S-Bahn in Berlin and Hamburg have a smaller gauge. The Berlin North-South S-Bahn tunnel was due to several intersecting subway lines and Flussunterfahrungen a limited special gauge with a height of 3.83 m above the running surface and a width of 3.43 m. Has the S -Bahn light room for new buildings in Hamburg a height of 3,787 m above the running surface and a width of 3.80 m.

Subways

The structure gauge of subways subject to its own standards and is often narrower than standard gauge railways. In particular, in tunnels reduces a smaller gauge construction costs significantly. Many older subways, for example, parts of the London Underground, have a circular gauge, as this can easily be made ​​with tunnel boring machines.

Road

In road transport, the loading gauge covers all types of roads, so roads for pedestrian traffic, bicycle traffic and car traffic. The gauge is the space which must be kept clear to allow the traffic, and - depending on the type of transport - different height and width. Thus in Germany over a walkway, a space of at least 2.5 m in height must be kept free, on a road to traffic of at least 4.5 m.

However, the gauge is not found as such in legal texts and is derived from the duty to maintain safety and vehicle heights. "There is no general obligation of the traffic backup duty road Baulastträgers, the airspace above a traffic lane to the gem. § 32 Section 2 Sentence 1 kept free traffic regulations permissible maximum vehicle height of 4 m of obstacles. The outermost maximum of the total allowable height of a vehicle in accordance with § 32 para 2 traffic regulations is legally not necessarily identical with the general scope of the duty to maintain safety to indemnify the clearance profile across the width of the road " (OLG Koblenz 12th Civil Senate. AZ: 12 U 1392/ ​​02 of 15 December 2003 )

Within the clearance profile, only the common use of the road is possible, that is, that only the stationary and the moving traffic are permitted. Therefore all other uses ( cafes, scaffolding, selling cars, music, and others) are regarded as special use and need a permit, which must be applied as a rule at the city or town.

Also parts of the building shall not intrude into the gauge. There are slight exceptions for bays and Others, which are listed in the applicable development plan or special use statutes.

Waterways

In waterways, the structure gauge has a trapezoidal contour is decisive for the height is the vertical distance between the water level ( at the highest water level ) and the lowest limit of about leading building. There are also supplements for flood and wind set-up. The so-called danger gauge according to the specifications of the Waterways and Shipping Administration considered fail maneuvered vessels and prevents damage from the start of construction or the shore.

Roller coasters

The principle of the clearance profile is also used in roller coasters. In contrast to the railroad here the loading gauge, however, is dynamic. Most all theoretical movements of the passenger during the journey are observed. In general, these are the areas on and off the roller coaster car, which can reach with his arms and hands of the passenger. After building a roller coaster the route is often measured with a light space template to avoid collisions with terrain or other sections.

It should be noted that the gauge here can not cover all eventualities and it is quite possible in various tracks, heranzureichen example of vegetation during the trip. For this reason it is usually prohibited in the terms a path to stretch his arms and / or legs out of the car.