The Internationale
The International is the world's most popular fight song of the socialist workers' movement, the ideologically - " Proletarians of all countries, unite " according to the Marxist motto - committed to proletarian internationalism sees. The original French text was written by Eugène Pottier, a poet and active participants in the Paris Commune of March-May 1871 as the first proletarian- socialist revolution applicable. The melody of the song was composed in 1888 by Belgian Pierre Degeyter.
History and Development of the song
Eugène Pottier text was written immediately after the violent suppression of the Paris Commune to in 1871. He referred in a glorifying sense to the International Workers Association (IWA ), the first supra-national coalition of diverse, politically divergent groups of the labor movement, which was initiated in 1864 by Karl Marx had. Due to a fundamental conflict with the Communists ( to Karl Marx), the anarchists were excluded in 1872 (by Bakunin ) from this later referred to as the " First International " organization. 1876 IAA was dissolved.
The melody of the song was composed by the Belgian Pierre Degeyter, conductor of the choral society workers from Lille in 1888, a year before the founding of the second, or the Socialist International.
The song The International is known worldwide as the anthem of socialism and communism, and was translated into most languages in the world. In some communist countries they occupied an almost equal- space as well as their national anthem, including the GDR.
The Soviet Union used until 1943 The International as the national anthem. Then it was replaced by the anthem of the Soviet Union.
Similarly, the protesting students used the song in their protest against the Chinese government on the Tian'anmen Square in 1989.
Edits of the song and its text pull up to the present. Thus, the British singer-songwriter Billy Bragg in 1990 his sixth studio album, entitled "The International ", which begins with a Neudichtung of the song.
Emergence of German versions
The original French text has six stanzas. The most well-known and still popular German -language paraphrase created Emil Luckhardt (* 1880, † 1914) in 1910 His version is only similar to the original French and is limited to the analogous, something in the radicalism attenuated and romanticized translation of the first three. verses of the French song.
Besides the version Luckhardts still exist at least seven other lesser-known German text versions - based in detail on each specific historical situations or ideologically divergent socialist, communist and anarchist orientations. In addition to a version of Sigmar Mehring of Erich difficulty and another in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War for the German Thalmann Brigade ( see also International Brigades ) by Erich Weinert was written in 1919.
The following are the best-known German version by Emil Luckhardt - with indented chorus, which is repeated after each verse:
German Text ( Emil Luckhardt, 1910)
Other musical processing
The composer Reinhold Gliere varies the musical theme in his work for the International Concert Heroic March for the Buryat- Mongolian ASSR C major, op 71 (1936). The Italian composer Luigi Nono used the International inter alia, in his compositions España en el corazón (1951 /52), La victoire de Guernica ( 1954) and A specter is haunting the world ( 1971) as the source for the derivation of rhythms and pitches. The International shall be levied and varied in the final part of the cantata These Things Shall Be (1936 /37) for baritone, chorus and orchestra by British composer John Ireland a major issue.
In the title track of the 1985 album " Brother where you bound" by Supertramp International can be heard in the background.