Tricholoma sulphureum
Common sulfur Knight (Tricholoma sulphureum )
The common sulfur - Knight (Tricholoma sulphureum ) is a species of fungus in the family of Tricholoma relatives that occurs in deciduous and coniferous forests of Europe, China and North America. The brownish- yellow fruit body grows from August to December on calcareous soils. He is toxic and has an unpleasant taste and odor.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The common sulfur Ritterlingsartige has a greenish- yellow to brown, 25-70 mm wide-brimmed hat, which is initially hemispherical or spread like an umbrella. With age, he is bent irregularly, the first and curled or bent down edge is noticeably wavy. The hat color becomes darker over time, especially in the center of the hat. The surface feels in dry weather velvety or slightly tomentose. The fruiting body has 20-40 away standing, up to 10 mm long, and sulfur yellow fins, which are usually deeply notched. They are easy to almond-shaped and crescent - lolly grown and bulged. Between two blades are one to five Lamellulae. The vollfleischige stem is 30-70, formed in exceptional cases, 110 mm long, 5-18 mm wide, cylindrical; He rarely is thickened towards the base. On Hutansatz he is bright yellow, but towards the bottom darker and has a greenish tinge. The lower part of the stem is usually traversed by dark longitudinal fibers, at the age he increasingly discolored to red-brown. Striking is especially the smell of the sulfur -form knight, the fungus gets its name: it is strong sulfur -like, even slightly floury of fresh interfaces. The same goes for the taste, which is described as mealy - rancid, sour and bitter.
Microscopic characteristics
The common sulfur Ritterlingsartige has 8.5-11 × 5.0-6.5 microns large spores of irregular, oblong- oval in shape with a highly trained extension. In the side view often shows a strong curvature, with which one can almost speak of a square edge. The basidia measure 39-48 × 8.0 to 10 mm and are 4 -, rarely 2- sporig; the blades edge is fertile. Cystidia are absent. Pileipellis the ( hat skin ) is Trichoderma, that is, the outermost layer of the hair -like hyphae is upward. These hyphae are 3.0-5.0 microns wide and are characterized by a thickened, club- shaped element of 13-40 microns in length and 4.5-12 microns wide at its end. The Subpellis, that is, lying under the top layer of skin, composed of 18-30 × 2.5-7.5 microns measured, rounded Hyphenelementen that form a transition to the Cap flesh. The pigments of hyphae are located in the cells and have a brownish- yellow hue. The skin of the stem is a cutis composed of parallel, cylindrical Hyphensträngen of 2.5-7.5 microns wide, with transitions to a Trichodermis. In Hymenium there are very few or no hyphae with buckles.
Artabgrenzung
A similar type is the green compact ( T. equestre ), which was once considered edible mushroom, but is now attributed to the poisonous mushrooms. The difference lies in the more greenish tone and greasy hat skin of the green compact.
Ecology
The fruiting bodies of the commons sulfur - knight -form can be found from August to December, especially under oak and beech, but also in the coniferous forest among pines, spruces and firs, with which it forms ectomycorrhizal. The substrate consists mostly of sandy soils along roads and paths, interspersed with some clay. In the Mediterranean region, however, is dominated by calcareous soils with conifers as Mykorrhizapartnern.
Dissemination
The common sulfur Ritterlingsartige is widespread throughout Europe, where he from Arctic regions to in sub-tropical climates, such as in the Mediterranean, occurs. Even in China, Florida and the Pacific Northwest of sulfur Ritterlingsartige is widespread, the extent to which the distribution area comprises further areas is unclear. In the Pleistocene, the species was apparently much more common than today, and there is in western Central Europe a population decline since the 1970s.
System
Within the knight pieces of the congregation sulfur Ritterlingsartige is placed in the section Inamoena. The fungi of this group are characterized by their strong, unpleasant smell and their glattsamtige hat surface, their hyphae have only a few buckles.
The inner logic of the congregation sulfur Ritterlingsartige is controversial. For DNA analysis showed that the violet brown sulfur Tricholoma or Toad Ritterlingsartige is ( T. bufonius ) not a separate species but is only a variant of the commons sulfur - knight -form, which also does not necessarily have to be a variety. This is also reflected in the microscopic features that do not differ in the two fungi.
Importance
The common sulfur Ritterlingsartige is slightly toxic and also very bitter, unpleasant taste; he therefore is not an option as edible mushroom. When consumed can of sweating, stomach pain or diarrhea accompanied digestive discomfort.