Trumpet

Missing Infobox musical instrument / Maintenance / sound parameters example: template

The trumpet is a high brass instrument that is blown as Aerophon with a cup mouthpiece on the principle of cushion whistle. The scale length is relatively narrow and the horn according to widely spreading. The tube length of the most common B -flat trumpet is about 134 cm.

Variants

We distinguish natural trumpets (like the baroque trumpet ) of the flap valve trumpets and trumpets. Without the addition is nowadays meant the latter; they exist (also called Périnet valves) with rotary valves (also cylinder valve or cylinder rotary valve called ) or pump valves. Trumpets are held normally with the left hand, ring finger, middle finger and index finger of the right hand press the valve button. When pumping valves, the valve housing is maintained approximately at right angles, in the design with rotary valves, the valve trains are approximately horizontal. Both versions were developed in the late 19th century practicable. While in art music in German-speaking countries almost exclusively trumpets with rotary valves are played ( German trumpets, mapped in the box at right), trumpet with piston valves ( French type ) is the instrument in popular music. For this reason it is often called in German-speaking jazz trumpet, in most other countries it is also used in the symphony orchestra.

Périnet Trumpets are compared to the rotary valve trumpet mechanically less complex, but require more frequent valve maintenance. Decisive for the noise when binding ( legato ) of two tones is the position of the valves in the pipe during the trumpet. This allows for Périnet Trumpets (valve position: in half of the total tube ), the lighter creating different effects through only partial depression of the valve ( " Grease ", "half valve", " glissando "). Rotary valve trumpets are easier to maintain in daily use, the valves are located in the second tenth of the total length.

Called the small piccolo trumpet, also called " High Trumpet", exists in different moods (F, G, high B / A and high H / C), it is often with a fourth valve ( Quartvalve ) equipped, enabling the play of lower-pitched sounds. Since it is very often used for the reproduction of high trumpet parts of Baroque music, it is sometimes (wrongly ) called Bach trumpet. Leading the way on this instrument were Adolf Scherbaum, Maurice André, Otto Sauter, Guy Touvron, Reinhold Friedrich and Ludwig Güttler.

The bass trumpet is an enlarged form of the trumpet in the range of the trumpet, and something higher. It is usually tuned in C or B and is listed in tenor clef and treble clef. The bass trumpet is usually played by trombonists, since it is built in the same pitch of the trumpet, and a similar mouthpiece as this has. It is a relatively rare instrument. A famous concert work in which it occurs, Le Sacre du printemps by Igor Stravinsky (though here voted in it, so a bit later). Due to the rarity of the bass trumpet has no solo concert tradition and is usually required as a second instrument for trombonists.

While a pocket trumpet looks small, but is merely compact wound as a conventional trumpet and therefore of the tube length (and thus the pitch ) manufactures a full trumpet in B. However, the sound through the smaller bell is less bright than the more common methods of construction; the Schallstückmensur is more a cornet. These instruments are more suitable for beginners and / or outdoor use, as their focus is closer to the body and are thus easier to hold for a longer period.

Sound generation and sound

The tone is created as with all brass instruments on the principle of cushion pipe, ie the lip vibration of the fan produces a standing wave in the tool. Essential is the oscillating air in the instrument, and not the air is " blown " by the instrument. The severity of the tone is determined by the need to accurately with the vibrating column of air in the instrument, to synchronize the oscillation of the fan to the lip standing wave. When sounding c1, the lips need about 250 times per second to open and close, even 1000 times the sounding c3 - where almost only the upper lip carries this vibration. The Tonvorrat nature sounds roughly corresponds to the overtone series, with the actual intonation of the instrument depends on the exact Mensurverlauf and can be varied only limited by the player. The variability of the variety of sounds on the one hand by the vibration shape of the lips of the musician determines coined to another particular by the Mensurverlauf of the instrument (including mouthpiece ).

Physiologically relevant from the lungs, which is controlled by means of so-called brace to match the provision of the air pressure. The support is the control of breath control using the diaphragm and abdominal muscles ( Ausatemmuskeln ). The control of the mouth muscles via the facial muscles and varies in detail with different players. Important are the oral sphincter and the lower lip down Overcoat, corners of the mouth down puller and corner of the mouth lift, the zygomatic muscle ( laughter muscles). Less relevant, however, is the so-called trumpet muscle, which inflates the cheeks and the name comes from the historical trumpet playing Baroque Angel. Few players how. inter alia, Dizzy Gillespie use this muscle -intensive.

The Anblaswiderstand ( perceived air resistance ) varies depending on the used construction ( Mensurverlauf ) from different heights. In particular, the diameter and the course of the mouthpiece shank and the mouth pipe with different size holes ( approximately 10.6 to 11.8 mm) affects the air demand and the resulting different perceived air resistance. This different design allows that in jazz trumpet mouthpieces often with smaller holes and shallower boilers are used, resulting in a crisper, brighter sound results. The typical " Heckel sound " at Trumpets with rotary valves produced primarily by using larger boiler mouthpieces, further scale length and thinner wall thickness.

The greatest sound effect also has the Mensurverlauf. Secondary are the material thickness ( wall thickness) as well as the material hardness. Thin ( 0.3-0.45 mm) bell - sheet requires a higher hardness and sometimes a patch to stabilize the horn 10-40 mm wide rim which named about 35 mm width after the Dresden Trumpet Workshop " Heckel wreath " is. Industrially manufactured bells are up to 0.8 mm thick ( thus relatively difficult), so do not be so hard and have a flanged to stabilize inlaid with wire French border.

Range

The trumpet is usually a transposing musical instrument and is built in different moods. The most widespread is the instrument in B, followed by C, D and Eb trumpets, rarely also in A, E, H, F, and in G. This means that the sound that is in the music and is gripped by larger or smaller design of the instrument in real terms by the distance higher or lower the pitch, as the distance of the sound C to the sound of mood. So if you are a trumpet in A plays a c2, this sounds three semitones lower ( a1 ) when you play a c2 on a trumpet in D, sounds like these two semitones higher ( d2).

The range is sufficient for all the Trumpets listed and gripped small tot up to c3 for advanced players and up to g3 with professionals. Extremely talented, experienced and specialized in high-pitched trumpet even do it to play sounds of the five crossed position ( the right mouthpiece and the instrument are of considerable importance ). Similarly, the range is extended downwards. With so-called pedal tones, the tones can be played ges to c1 with a quite untypical for trumpets sound even one octave lower.

All information on the range refer to fingering and notation. The above notes sound then on the B -flat trumpet a whole tone lower, a minor third lower, at the C trumpet as recorded in the A- trumpet and at the D trumpet a whole tone higher, etc.

In orchestral parts normally transpositions in C or B are used in older works, especially in symphonies, often find themselves also other moods ( mostly E, Eb, and F), in the tradition of the natural trumpet and whose underlying natural harmonic series, in the basic key of the piece. All these moods are but today mostly played with the same instrument, the musician transposes the voice in your head. In the U.S. and many other countries are in the orchestra C trumpets the standard instruments in the German language, the B -flat trumpet is used more often.

In contrast, although Posaunenchor B instruments are played, but sounding notes (in C, or even Kuhlo notation). The Trombone Choir Blaster has learned accordingly from the beginning to the valve handle combinations of this constellation; in the strict sense, he transposes no longer ( he no longer has to " rethink " but uses different handles than the orchestra musicians).

Material

The basic materials used in Trompetenbau are:

Brass (an alloy of 70/85 % copper and 30/15 % zinc ) light to yellowish gold
Gold brass ( alloy of 85 /90% copper and 10 /15% zinc), reddish copper color
Nickel silver ( alloy of copper, zinc, and about 10-15 % nickel) silver (attention nickel allergy)
Bronze: For the change body of the rotary valve with better tools

When coatings are used: clear lacquer, gold lacquer, lacquer, silver, gold, nickel.

The valve housing of piston valves is made of brass, the valve changes from:

Nickel-plated brass, recognizable by the uniform silvery coating, also in the air passages
Stainless steel, rust-proof, air passages and spring housing made of brass
Monel, a nickel-containing very special alloy, matte gray, somewhat self-lubricating, mounted parts made of brass

Trumpets can be played open or with damper. Besides the volume, use the harmonic spectrum is changed and thus produces a different sound character. When playing with a hand variable is the Wah - Wah damper made of metal or plastic and the rubber plunger.

The price of a new trumpet begins at about 150 € and can range from € 20,000 for complicated special designs beyond. In Central Europe, handcrafted instruments cost from 800 €, normal orchestral trumpets about 1500 to 3000 €. When purchasing Neuinstrumentes expert advice is indispensable. Especially for beginners, it is important to select technically well-functioning and clean intoning instruments. It should be noted that even identical models often have different game and may have sound characteristics.

The production time of a trumpet is approximately

Simple industrial production: 2 to 8 hours,
Simple craft design Design: 25 hours,
Professional instrument: from 35 hours, depending on material quality and processing effort.

Related instruments

Location wise closely related to the trumpet are the flugelhorn and cornet. They are also mostly played by trumpeters, but are due to their scale length for Horn family. Another variation of the trumpet is the above mentioned bass trumpet, which moves in the tenor horn Timm location.

The flugelhorn has a substantially conical scale. It is the sound significantly softer than the trumpet. Between trumpet and flugelhorn is the cornet. Its sound character is slightly softer than that of the trumpet, but harder than the flugelhorn.

Also related is the Martin trumpet, which also has three pump valves.

History

The Egyptians played 3500 years ago trumpet-like instruments ( snb / read: scheneb ) of metal, the same design may have had the old Jewish Chazozra. Early trumpets, as the Greek or the Roman fallopian tuba, were elongated and without turns. The hook shape of the Roman Lituus and Celtic Carnyx were probably made by connecting a straight pipe with a curved animal horn as a bell. In the form of a large G the Roman Cornu was tortuous. The Lurs always used in pairs of the Germans had been shaped probably by mimicking mammoth tusks. Primarily used material for antique brass instruments was bronze, which was edited in the lost wax process.

Whether the art of pipe bending has been handed down from antiquity through the Middle Ages and had to be rediscovered in the West, is not known with certainty. Early medieval trumpets were stretched. Spiral forms are detectable in iconographic sources until the 14th century. Written the term was already Drometten 1470 ( in a document in Pirna ) or later trumpet ( by Martin Luther in his translation of the Bible to the prophet Isaiah 18.3 ) is used. The standard form was formed in the late Middle Ages, even tortuous long trumpet out, which remained as a baroque trumpet virtually unchanged until the end of the 18th century. The range of these instruments was limited to the harmonic series, whose fourth octave ( Clarin register) provides a full scale. Mastering this high position, the so-called Clarin bubbles, is considered the high art of baroque trumpet music. The existence of a medieval slide trumpet is still controversial.

From the late Middle Ages to the Baroque trumpet was seen as a symbol of power. Trumpeter were highly respected officials. Only high church celebrations, it was allowed that they were playing with other musicians for other purposes.

Mark the transition to valve trumpets numerous " chromate " variants:

When Stopftrompete it was a trumpet could be played one to two and a half tones lower with the help of the hand and lip tension. However, the sound quality suffered greatly. The sound was not only quieter but also dull and matte. The procedure, which enjoyed great popularity during the French horn, had little meaning for trumpets.
The Inventionstrompete is characterized by two U-shaped arches. The advantage of this trumpet was that you could change the U-bends. So you had to dodge here also the possibility of a mood to more basic looks. The downside was that the change took too long from one to the next mood.
The fanfare trumpet ( originally a short, valveless instrument) was introduced in 1800 as a signaling instrument in the Prussian cavalry. Later For special occasions ( announce of parades or other events ) came the herald trumpets, instruments with draperies, flags or banners, for application.
The slide trumpet the city Pfeifer ( Tromba da tirarsi ) had a moving mouth tube, by means of which the total length of the instrument could be changed in the game. The English Slide Trumpet of the 19th century functioned much like modern trombones with a U- train, which was additionally provided with a reset mechanism with spring. With such instruments, a chromatic ( progressive in semitones) scale was possible. However, with the increasing virtuosity pushed the slide trumpet to your limits.
Attempts to equip the trumpet with finger holes were made occasionally in the second half of the 18th century, but did not come up in the 1790s on an experimental stage addition. Only built by Anton Weidinger keyed trumpet was able to convince the audience and critics. For this instrument Joseph Haydn wrote in 1796 his Trumpet Concerto in E flat major, which is the standard work for trumpeter par excellence to this day. Handle hole systems, such as those used in the historical musical practice to the game Baroque trumpet parts today are modern adaptations and have no historical models.

The originating from Silesia musician Heinrich Stolzel ( horn ) and Friedrich Blühmel invented in 1813 the so-called rotating sleeve valves divert the air flow. Since 1830, the present building with three valves is known ( CA Müller, Mainz and F. Sattler, Leipzig). The commonly used today in the so-called German rotary valve trumpet was given its final shape probably in 1832 with Joseph Riedl in Vienna.

Already in 1831 valves were installed in a post-horn, which thus became the cornet à pistons ( " horn with valves "). With the patented in 1837 by Gustave Auguste Besson further the popularity of this cornet grew up in the military and salon music to his to today's popular design.

The displacement process initiated by the cornet trumpet of the orchestra was again reversed from about 1890 in favor of trumpets. The common use today Bb trumpet found its way as an orchestral trumpet and thus replaced the old F trumpet.

Trumpets ( or similar instruments ) were almost always used as signal instruments. For example, all had watchman in the cities (signal) can play trumpet. This resulted in a high level of social recognition of the trumpet, which usually made itself financially noticeable. Often, the watchman / trumpeter were recognized as an occupational group since the Middle Ages - unlike any other musician. Verdi had for his opera Aida a special fanfare trumpet, Aida trumpet manufacture.

Even in military craft the trumpeters played an important role has always been as a signal generator (data carrier ).

In recent decades, playing the trumpet has become very popular. The demand for instruments is now mostly covered by large farms with industrial instrument production. Of course there are still a number of Brass builders in smaller companies that are able to individually build the musicians adapted instruments.

Use in the music

Classical music

Solo Works

Concertos for trumpet were very popular in the late Baroque period; they are usually in very high position, there is also a Baroque trumpet diatonic or in the case of the slide trumpet chromatic playing possible. Vivaldi, Telemann, Scarlatti, Michael Haydn and Bach ( Brandenburg Concerto 2 ) are to be mentioned here. Handel and Bach have high trumpet solos used in their oratorios, masses and cantatas.

A well-known early classical trumpet concerto is that of Leopold Mozart. For the 1790 invented the keyed trumpet Joseph Haydn and Johann Nepomuk Hummel wrote their concertos, which are still among the most popular works of the genre. Important solo concertos for trumpet valve composed Alexander Arutjunjan, Henri Tomasi André Jolivet or.

Chamber Music

In classical chamber music the trumpet for two reasons is not strongly represented: first, because they are considered more likely to loud instrument tending to the mitmusizierenden instruments (such as a string quartet ) to drown out the other because they long to the limited repertoire of natural tones was limited. From the Renaissance and Baroque periods, however, there are a number of chamber sonatas, which are either composed originally for zinc or the much higher position prefer that Bach used for his works.

With the introduction of valves, new works were created, for example for trumpet with piano accompaniment, but also in mixed chamber music of the 20th century sometimes occur trumpets, as in Bohuslav Martinů's Revue de Cuisine. In 1950, the quintet became popular for the many new compositions or adaptations were created.

Orchestra

In Baroque Orchestra (especially Bach) are, if anything, mostly two to four trumpets (usually with drums ) busy, often heroic and divine harmonies represent the highest position (for example in Bach's Magnificat ).

In the classical and early romantic orchestra (ie, before the development of the valves ), the trumpeter had two main task in the tutti (often together with a pair of drums ) to play root notes. Sometimes they were also used topically, such as issues of fourths or triad decompositions, which therefore are playable only with the natural tones of the natural trumpet.

The valve trumpet ( first the cornet) has been enthusiastically received by most composers of all countries and used immediately. Are here to see the German-speaking countries especially Richard Wagner, ( going back to the the rest of the wooden trumpet ), Anton Bruckner, Richard Strauss ( for example, his Alpine Symphony ) and Gustav Mahler ( about the beginning of the Symphony No. 5 ) should be mentioned.

In the symphonic wind orchestra of the presence of up to four different trumpet parts available that are played by about ten musicians.

Jazz

In jazz, the trumpet is next to the saxophone probably the most important instrument. Even in classic New Orleans jazz line-up it is a melody instrument, even from the big band they can not be ignored. Important jazz trumpeter can be found on the list of jazz musicians and jazz trumpeter in the article. In jazz is particularly worked a lot with dampers and played almost exclusively on American trumpet with piston valves.

Pop music

In pop music, the trumpet is often used in a horn section with trumpet and saxophone. Especially in the soul and funk music set the trumpet- dominated Bläsergruppen important accents at the interface between melody and rhythm section. Important and style-setting of this genre are Blood, Sweat & Tears, Chicago and Earth, Wind & Fire. A recent example of this is the retro sound of Farin Urlaub Racing Team.

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