Tuvan language
Spoken in
- Altaic languages ( disputed) Turkic languages Siberian Turkic languages Tuvan
-
Tyv
Tyv
The Tuvan language ( tuwin. Тыва дыл Tyva dyl ) is a Turkic language, which is spoken by about 206,000 Tuwinern in Tuva.
Tuvan is an official language in the Republic of Tuva and is written since 1940 with Cyrillic letters. Approx. 27,000 speakers there are in the west of Mongolia and the People's Republic of China.
- 6.1 Additional Cyrillic characters of the Tuvan
- 6.2 Literature
Use
In the Republic of Tuva, the Tuvan is the dominant everyday language. Is favored the preservation of the language by the relative inaccessibility of the region. In addition to oral tradition, there is a modern Tuvan literature, there appear to books and newspapers. There are TV shows, websites and pop music in Tuvan language.
Properties
When Tuvan there are four dialect groups: Central, West, North East and Südosttuwinisch. Mitteltuwinisch includes the dialects Ovyur and Bii -Khem and also forms the basis for the Tuvan written language. Westtuwinisch very subject to the influence of Altaic, whereas the dialect in the southeast of the Tuvan language area was subject to strong Mongolian influence. Nordosttuwinisch makes use of nasal vowels and, in his Lexicon many hunting and reindeer breeding -related expressions.
According to system
Consonants
The Tuvan has 19 consonantal phonemes, added / f / and / ʦ /, however, occur only in loanwords from Russian. Depending on the region has the language either no voting equity or no Aspirationskorrelation, where the former is the case with the majority of the speakers.
Vowels
Among the phonetic peculiarities of the Tuvan over the other Turkic languages heard the Tuvan between short, long and deep vowels differs. The deep sound has different effects on the vowels:
- A low vowel is by half longer than a short vowel
- Vowels in monosyllabic words in their pitch to rise by about half of their life from the deep to the normal tone of voice to
- Polysyllabic words experience neither lengthening of vowels nor an increase of the pitch.
Harrison ( 2001) has shown that it is not at the low vowels to pharyngalisierte vowels, as was previously assumed.
Grammar
Turwinisch as well as the related Turkish agglutinative language. Tuvan nouns are declinable in seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative and allative. The basic features of the cases are intelligible on the basis of the following table:
The syntax follows the so-called SOV. Example: [ teve Sigen tʃipken ] ( Camel eating hay - past tense ) " The camel ate the hay "
Alphabets
By 1930, the traditional Mongolian alphabet was used for the spelling of Tuva, then the unitary Turkish alphabet was used, but this was back in 1940 again replaced in favor of a modified Cyrillic alphabet. This has been extended by three additional characters to denote pure Tuvan lute can.
Additional Cyrillic characters of the Tuvan
- Ң ң ( [ ŋ ], as German " ng " )
- Ө ө ( [ ø ], as German "ö" )
- Ү ү ( [y ], as German "ü" )
In the alphabet, they are each arranged directly behind the letter, from which they are derived: on Н follows Ң on О follows Ө, and У follows Ү.