Unemployment#Measurement
The unemployment statistics collected the quantitative extent of unemployment in the number of unemployed ( unemployed status ) and the unemployment rate. It shall apply with the labor force participation rate as one of the most socially important economic indicators.
- 2.1 Worldwide
- 2.2 European Union
- 2.3 Germany 2.3.1 Current unemployment figures for Germany
- 2.3.2 Development of unemployment in Germany
- 2.3.3 Historical figures on unemployment in Germany
- 2.3.4 Criticism of the official figures of the Statistics
Statistical summaries of unemployment
Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed in the total number of civilian labor force ( that is, all persons in employment and unemployed), which is largely defined by the population size. You did not just unemployed, just because one does not work. In the unemployment rate only people take, who were mostly already self -employed. It is an indicator of the labor market and employment situation and part of the unemployment statistics. The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed and the labor force of an economy as follows:
Unemployment stock: Officially registered unemployment / Reported unemployment
The calculation of the registered unemployment is carried out by the Federal Employment Agency. The definition of the counting criteria (who is considered unemployed ) determined by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Among registered unemployment in Germany is generally understood the number of unemployed who are registered with the Federal Employment Agency under SGB III or a joint venture or Optionskommune under SGB II ( Social Code) unemployed. Is unemployed, those who work less than 15 hours a week, but want to work more than 15 hours and is younger than the respective age of retirement. In addition, the person must provide the labor market are available and be willing to accept any suitable work. With reference to the availability of counts according to § 16 paragraph 2 SGB III is not as unemployed, who participates in activities of the Federal Employment Agency ( eg, training programs, job opportunities ). Neither does it take into account people who are incapacitated for work.
Underemployment not included in the unemployment statistics
The official number of unemployed recorded underemployment not complete. The level of under-reporting varies depending on the definition of underemployment. The IAB estimates the difference between underemployment and unemployment officially registered in 2008 to 1.2 million people with a registered unemployment rate of around 3.3 million people. Under-reporting is made up of around 700,000 people in the hidden measures in and around 500,000 in the hidden in the narrow sense.
In July 2012, the total number of underemployed people was including the officially registered unemployed in Germany, according to an analysis by the Federal Statistical Office, 7.4 million working age.
- Hidden unemployment ( hidden reserve in response): It refers to all working people without a job who do not show statistically. These include, in Germany for example, unemployed people who attend services for participation in working life, have a job opportunity with compensation for additional expenditure or covered by a 58 mm - control ( unemployment benefit without the labor market available to as a precursor to retirement ). Likewise, all unemployed, which are served by private employment agencies, no longer included in the official unemployment statistics.
- Hidden unemployment: this is the situation when employees from social or administrative reasons have more a workplace, economic or economically but actually not needed as workers. This formulation was used against the former " Eastern Bloc countries " because there officially was experiencing full employment. However, it was believed that many of these workers actually had little to do. Nowadays, the term is also applied to, inter alia, the state sector in which liberated by austerity workers from labor law reasons can not be dismissed and the Central surplus personnel management (also job pool ) "parked".
- Reserves: The hidden reserve includes the people who are willing though, to take a paid work but are not officially registered as unemployed, perhaps because no entitlement to unemployment benefits or benefits under SGB II is and because the unemployed have discouraged withdrawn from the labor market or just search for specific jobs and therefore do not meet the availability criteria.
Hidden reserve and hidden unemployment are combined with the registered unemployed to underemployed. Underemployment figures have not only economic research institutions from especially the Federal Employment Agency ( through its Research Institute IAB) and the trade unions.
Since the correct definition of unemployment is controversial and can not be unambiguously specify the consideration of the number of beneficiaries instead of the unemployed, particularly in Book II reinforced entered the picture. In this case, all recipients of social security benefits are considered under SGB II, regardless of whether they are not unemployed seeking work in the same action or for other reasons.
Registered unemployed persons who are not seeking work
The message at the employment agency as unemployed is a prerequisite for the receipt of unemployment benefits and other benefits under the Third Social Code. Therefore, even people as unemployed ( and thus appear in the unemployment statistics on ) that actively seek the prerequisite work do not meet. They do this out of free will or because no other means of social protection exist. The latter applies to numerous sufferers to and can, for example, in older unemployed be the case, the pension application is running in individuals with impaired health limited in their ability to work, or not capable of working, but in which the pending findings, or in subjects where the authorization other services (such as services for medical or vocational rehabilitation ) is currently being processed or has been provisionally rejected.
In general, calls for the Employment Agency from beneficiaries Application and imagination evidence. The non- evidence of active job search may result in the suspension of unemployment benefit. These cases then drop out of the unemployment statistics.
Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate is to be distinguished from the respective fixed according to national criteria numbers. The unemployment rate is calculated by the Federal Statistical Office in Germany according to the internationally comparable ILO criteria and published monthly under the " ILO labor market statistics ". In principle, the calculation is performed as in the Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate represents the proportion of unemployed persons in the labor force (consisting of employed and unemployed ) dar.
The investigation by the Federal Statistical Office does not know the differences between registered and non- registered unemployed. In contrast to the figures from the Federal Employment Agency but not registered job are recorded here. Considered unemployed in the sense of the ILO statistic is a person who is less than an hour a week working, but want to work more. The total number of unemployed is extrapolated based on a sample. Thus, the secret reserve is recorded automatically, however, fall marginally employed out. Likewise, the unemployed, who alone reported to the receipt of unemployment benefit unemployed. The number of unemployed by the Federal Statistical Office is mostly about one million under published by the Federal Employment Agency unemployment (unemployed in January 2005: 3.99 million, 5.04 million unemployed ).
Seasonally adjusted unemployment
Because the number of unemployed seasonal strongly fluctuates in particular through layoffs in the construction and catering industry and in agriculture, will be presented by the Federal Employment Agency in parallel with the number of unemployed, seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in order to determine seasonal independent trends. This seasonal influences are eliminated on the basis of long experience. This seasonal adjustment is carried out by the Institute for Labour Market and Employment Research ( IAB).
Long-term unemployment
As long-term unemployed in Germany are unemployed who have been unemployed for a year or longer, § 18 SGB III.
Youth unemployment
A special case is the youth unemployment, it is usually based on young people at the end of compulsory education up to 24 years.
Impact of unemployment and unemployment duration
The Arbeits-/Erwerbslosenquote dividing the number of unemployed by the stock of the workforce, and harmonized and averages these values. But in order to collect unemployment episodes better, one defines a concern. As the number of affected persons is referred to, which were reported in the evaluated unemployed calendar year, generally at least one day. The concern is usually significantly higher than the average unemployment stock - here individuals are indeed counted more than once.
The size is therefore primarily a measure of the fluctuations in the labor market, so the job security.
Based on the concern you identified:
Thus, statements about the extent of the quality of unemployment possible, so whether interim between two jobs ( frictional unemployment ), quality, seasonal (regular fluctuation in seasonal industries ), or long-term unemployment
With dismay and duration can then also provide detailed information on specific population groups or sectors meet.
Cyclical and structural unemployment
Through a correlation of unemployment with general economic indicators can be used to determine that proportion of total unemployment, which is due to external influences of the labor market, ie increases with the waning economy and disappear with appealing economy. The remaining share is structural, ie showing obvious flaws of the world of work in individual countries or regions. In fact, the distinction is not easy in the intermediate field is regional deficits to respond to economic fluctuations.
Unemployment data
The national unemployment figures are not fully comparable internationally, as the species of the collection of unemployment statistics partly differ. An exception is the statistics of the International Labour Organisation ( ILO), which raises the unemployment randomly internationally in the same way.
Also the collection of unemployment statistics within a country may be different in different periods, which can compare the numbers limited. For example, the unemployment rate in Germany in 2009 ( statistically ) were significantly reduced by hosted, the unemployed are no longer counted in the statistics.
Worldwide
The following table shows the unemployment rate according to the labor force concept ( LFC ) of the International Labour Organisation ( ILO). Since this also unpaid family workers is counted as labor force, the unemployment rate of the agrarian emerging and developing countries naturally low (working without earning money in subsistence agriculture ). So there is no direct correlation between ILO unemployment rate and general prosperity (measured as gross national product), yet poverty.
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
European Union
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
Note: In case of non availability of the most recent data, the classification according to the latest available, data were listed. source
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
Germany
For the unemployment rate in Germany has to be considered that deviates the definition of unemployment by the Federal Employment Agency materially from the Eurostat definition ( ILO labor market statistics). Unemployment figures from Germany are therefore hardly suitable for a comparison with other countries.
Thus, for example, § 53a SGB already introduced in January 2008 II, after which employable needy, who claimed their 58th year with respect basic security benefits for job-seekers at least for a period of twelve months without them a social security contributions has been offered, after this period are not considered unemployed.
In addition, all participants of labor market policies do not appear in the unemployment statistics. Likewise, not even sick unemployed, unemployed whose benefits have been sanctioned in further education or unemployed.
The constantly changing counting the numbers of recent years are not even comparable in essence. 2009 was added the provision that unemployed persons will not be counted, to work for the private employment agencies.
Current unemployment figures for Germany
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
Source News source News (Updated: January 11, 2014)
The unemployment rate in Germany
The unemployment rate has evolved in Germany since 1960 as follows. Source: Federal Employment Agency ( BA). The values to 1990 are only the west of Germany, from 1991, the whole of Germany (East and West Germany ).
In parallel, one should consider the volume of work per capita in Germany. This is 1960-2010 dropped by 30 percent.
Historical figures on unemployment in Germany
The following table lists the registered unemployed, and the unemployment and working in Germany since 1950 are listed ( annual average).
The official working hours ( published by the Federal Statistical Office ) is given as the average annual working time of employees (AZ = working volume by number of employees).
The average annual working of the labor force can be specified as Z * = working volume by number of employed persons.
The unemployment rate is defined as follows:
It follows that the average working of the labor force:
Sources: Federal Statistical Office, IAB and Statistical Yearbooks of the GDR 1955-1960/61, 2008-2009 statistics of the Federal Employment Agency, own calculations (AZ *)
Criticism of the official figures of the Statistics
Hansjörg Duppré the German County Association criticized in April 2010 that the alleged positive development on the labor market is an illusion, since the number of ALG II recipients had increased steadily. The number of beneficiaries has increased to around 7.4 million in April 2010, in the unemployment statistics is estimated at some 2.5 million people were covered.
It was also criticized that the number of Hartz IV recipients will so far narrowed to the long-term unemployed. Already purely subsidized positions with more than 15 hours per week, such as one- euro jobs, sick or apprenticeship seekers about, however, are not found in the unemployment statistics again, even though their situation is often not better. The same is true for the employed low-wage jobs, which are additionally dependent on Hartz IV. Also be unemployed participating in training courses, not counted as unemployed for some time. Unemployed persons who are older than 58, do not appear in the official statistics. In May 2009, was added another exception: If private employment agencies act, of their care unemployed also does not appear in the unemployment statistics.
There is also criticism that the actual number of unemployed will significantly lowered down through increased use of temporary employment by the Federal Employment Agency. 2012 are already around 1 million workers employed by temporary employment agencies. Unemployed persons may thus initially quit even with low qualifications their unemployment, but time work is actually rarely as a springboard proves contrary to the often propagated adhesive effect in the regular job. The move from temporary to conventional employment after a successful IAB study, only a small portion of previously unemployed persons for a period of two years after their release. Employees in temporary employment agencies, although no longer appear in the unemployment statistics, but this was for a large part have only a temporary effect. Instead of a retention rate of about 30 %, a value of 7% is now considered realistic.
Austria
The following figures were calculated according to the national, Austrian method. This means that the marked unemployed at the employment office are set in relation to the recognized by the Federation of Social Security Institutions ( HV) employed persons in relation. This calculation method thus differs fundamentally from the LF concept.
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
Source Employment Service Austria
Switzerland
The coloring of the table takes place in the 4- percent steps:
Other States
- Unemployment in the Netherlands
- Labor Statistics of the United States