Unequal treaty

The so-called unequal treaties (Chinese不平等 条约/不平等 条约, Pinyin bùpíngděngtiáoyuē ) were between the mid-19th century and the First World War between the "Western" foreign powers (Britain, France, USA, Russia, but also Japan) on the one hand and China, Korea, Japan and Persia closed on the other. They looked at a variety of restrictions on sovereignty before in the fields of politics, administration and the judiciary.

Contracts with China

Concessions were extorted in particular the Middle Kingdom of trade policy, such as the opening of ports (contract or treaty ports ) or reparations. Added to this was the forced opening of Japan and China for the Christian mission. An adequate consideration of the parties was not provided. Among the most important unequal treaties include:

  • Treaty of Nanking (南京 条约) ( August 29, 1842, China - Great Britain)
  • Treaty of Humen (虎门 条约) ( October 8, 1843, China - Great Britain)
  • Treaty of Wanghia (望 厦 条约) ( July 3, 1844, China - USA)
  • Treaty of Huangpu (黄埔 条约) ( October 24, 1844, China - France)
  • Treaty of Aigun (瑷 珲 条约) (May 28, 1858 China - Russia)
  • Treaty of Tianjin (天津 条约) ( June 1858, China - France, Great Britain, USA, Russia)
  • Beijing Convention (北京 条约) (1860, China - Russia, France, Great Britain)
  • Agreement dated September 2, 1861 between China and Prussia and German Zollverein
  • Burlingame Treaty (1868, China - USA)
  • Sino- Portuguese Treaty of Peking (中葡 北京 条约) ( 1887)
  • Lüda - lease ( March 27, 1898, China - Russia)
  • Treaty of Shimonoseki (马关条约) ( April 17, 1895, China - Japan)
  • Second Beijing Convention (1898, China - Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Japan)
  • Xinchou Treaty (辛丑 条约) ( September 7, 1901, China - Eight States Alliance ( UK, USA, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Austria - Hungary ), Spain, Netherlands, Belgium )
  • 21 claims (二十 一条) (May 25, 1915 China - Japan)

On the official level, the term was unequal treaties for the first time in 1926 used by the government in Beijing in connection with the cancellation of the Sino- Belgian Treaty of 1865. Only seventeen years later, the Chinese government could announce the end of the era of " unequal treaties " because of the 1943 treaties signed with the U.S. and the UK (concerning the cancellation of extraterritorial rights, and others).

Treaties of Japan

  • Treaty of Kanagawa (March 31, 1854)
  • American -Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (29 July 1858)
  • English -Japanese Friendship Treaty (4 October 1854)
  • Agreements with Russia, the Netherlands and France ( 1858)
  • Japanese treaty with Prussia (24 January 1861)

Agreements with Siam

Marianne Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Whampoa Convention of Peking Eight-Nation Alliance Twenty-One Demands Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) Jacques Gernet Jonathan Spence
792000
de