Water tower

Water Tower is the name of an operating structure in the water supply, which has a high container for the storage of drinking water or industrial water. The elevated tank ensures a uniform pressure in the connected water network.

• 5.1 railway water towers
• 5.2 Drinking water supply

• 8.1 List not vice unused water towers
• 8.2 List vice unused water towers

Principle of operation

The water supply to the connected to the water network building is made solely by means of the resulting gravity on the hydrostatic pressure case, the elevated tank also serves as a reservoir. The removed from the water mains water leads to a reduction in the amount of water in the elevated tank. Therefore, the elevated tank is replenished at regular intervals, so that the water level remains at the same height as possible. In this way the water pressure in the network is maintained constant. In networks with high water tank pumps are only required to fill the elevated tank.

For a sufficient pressure to all the loads must be lower than the elevated tank (the principle of communicating vessels ). Delivery points that are higher (eg skyscrapers ), require a separate booster station.

Advantages and disadvantages, alternatives

Benefits include:

• Water towers are hydraulically simple. They compensate by their construction from supply-side pressure fluctuations and drain-side sampling fluctuations. This results in low demands on the filling or the filling pump.
• Even without energy supply, it may deliver a certain amount of water. Reliability is eg. important for drinking water hygiene.
• They also serve as a symbol and as an advertising medium.

The disadvantage is:

• The construction of a water tower is expensive.
• The quality of the often long time -exchanged water in the container may be impaired.

The memory function of water towers can be replaced by near-Earth water storage. With controlled pumps in pressure boosting systems in the water distribution system, the required pressure can be created, but with a higher complexity.

Dimensions

The ski jump tower in Hamburg, in his time one of the largest water towers in Europe, had 4,600 m3 capacity. The world's largest water towers today counts among others, the 1977 tower, completed in Roihuvuori in Helsinki, Finland, with 12,600 m3 capacity.

Construction / types

Water towers differ both in respect of the container as well as in external appearance. There are massive towers ( made ​​of brick or concrete); in the industrial sector were, however, mainly steel skeletal structures used. There are also water towers in wood construction.

A special form of construction, the Aqua Globe dar. This type of metal, water towers, was developed in the late 1960s in Hungary. These are a spherical water container on a columnar stand. Often this type came in the GDR used.

• Container shapes

Loft tank

Intze 1 container

Intze -1 vessel with an inner cylinder

Intze 2- vessel

Barkhausen container

Klönne container

Rectangular tanks

The first water towers (from 1830) had rectangular water tank with a flat bottom. For reinforcement of the walls of inner tie rod had to be used, which were susceptible to corrosion and difficult cleaning of the container. Later, the containers were carried round, so that only the flat bottom had continued to be supported by a joist. This design was almost exclusively integrated into buildings.

Loft tank

A constructive enhancement originated from 1860 in France. The so-called loft tank had a dished bottom, served its connection with the round container wall as a ring. However, the expansion of the pressure ring repeatedly led to damage to the adjacent constructions. External identification of this type is the stand component only slightly superior water tank.

Intze container

The problem of the expansion of the pressure ring broke the engineer Otto Intze in 1883 by a design that became known as the Intze principle. The pressure ring is located further below the vessel and assembled the bottom of an outer truncated cone and an inner dished bottom. This all forces acting horizontally to compensate and can forward any harmful voltages. A special design were the chimney containers that were built from 1885 onwards a ring around existing or newly built industrial chimneys, such as the water tower in Bochum- Dahlhausen. The first Intze vessel was built in 1883 in Remscheid.

Barkhausen container

With the so-called Barkhausen container ( ball ground tank) developed Georg Barkhausen 1898 a container with hemispherical vessel bottom. By the continuous transition between the wall and bottom of the support ring is necessary. The Barkhausen containers were built by the Dortmund company Aug. Klönne. The first vessel of this type was written in 1899, the water tower of the Zeche Minister Stein. According to this design, the water tower was built in Darmstadt, among many others.

Klönne container

1898 August Klönne received a patent on a spherical container with a conical support. From 1906 water container of the kind Klönne were mainly built. Which acts on the circumference of the spherical container supports are typically connected as the Barkhausen containers tangentially to the container wall. They taper towards the stand. From 1926 water tower were built solely of reinforced or prestressed concrete.

History

Railway water towers

Water towers also help keep a sufficient quantity delivered during sudden large withdrawals for water tanks of steam locomotives were used. Beginning with the development of the railway network in Germany in 1840, the first water tower emerged. These were no independent tower structures, rather than mere storage containers integrated into railway structures such as in the railway water tower Büchenberg or, more recently, the water tower in Bahnbetriebswerk Dortmund operating station. Later there was constructively recognizable designed as towers railway water towers such as the water tower ( Bahnbetriebswerk Hamburg- Altona). The typical capacity of larger railway water towers is about 400 m3, could be fueled by large locomotives without new filling of the container with the tower about ten tender.

Drinking water supply

In the second half of the 19th century water towers in Germany in large numbers in order to ensure public access to clean drinking water in the early days, in which there was an increasing urbanization. The built in this period, water plants with large reservoirs and elevated tanks contributed in connection with supply and sewers significantly help to prevent epidemics. Without the supply of industrial cities with their often very cramped living population masses and large volumes of wastewater generating operations before it came again and again to large-scale epidemics.

Today's use

In highly technical infrastructures such as in Central Europe, water towers are being built currently only in rare cases and existing installations of the tasks of the water supply, if reasonably possible, given birth. The reason for this is partly because in the 3-5 fold higher investment costs and on the other hand, technical specifications and quality requirements for drinking water are observed which can lead to increased operating costs over Erdbehältern during operation.

In the U.S., water towers are to be found more often. In large cities as containers to high-rise buildings as well as detached ashore. Often they are painted or bear at least the name of the city. In distant regions, such as infrastructure. in rural areas of Senegal, the filling of a water tower with pump and diesel generator can be done, which would be less suitable for continuous operation.

Military point of attack

Under the ground, water towers could also known as " Target Reference Points " are used for terrorists or as standing in the landscape distinctive points that serve to target detection of weapons such as mortars, water towers were destroyed in Iraq by the U.S. army.

Change of use and continued use of water towers

Today, many of the surviving water towers are structural and technical monuments.

An alternative to demolition of old and in need of redevelopment water towers is their conversion. Although this often go the technical installations ( storage tanks and pump systems ) lost, but so the shell can be obtained.

Another possibility is to use water towers above its actual function also in other ways ( Additional Terms ).

Some water towers have been used as an observation tower. There are also water towers with a tower restaurant, such as the Goldberg tower in Sindelfingen or the wind rose in Viersen. As a rule, arrive at water towers with observation deck, visitors with an elevator to the observation deck.

Another common feature is the use of water towers as the location of transmitters in the VHF range with less power, as for the non-public land mobile services and mobile communications. The vice used Heidelberger TV tower originally served as a water tower. Today he serves as backbone of the station SWR for FM and TV. Even the water tower in Waldenburg was used until 2009 as a transmission tower.

Many water towers be rebuilt by conservationists with little effort to breeding grounds for birds and other animals.

List not the other unused water towers

• Water tower at Berlin Ostkreuz
• Water tower in the nature park Südgelände in Berlin
• Water Tower Bruderholzstrasse in Basel
• Water tower in Delmenhorst
• New Water Tower Dessau
• Water Towers of Ehm. BW in Duisburg- Wedau
• Water tower in a hurry Castle
• Water Tower ( Eppelheim), symbol of the city Eppelheim
• Water tower in Emden
• Water Tower on Castle Hill in Erlangen
• Water tower in Forst ( Lausitz)
• Water Tower ( Gliwice ), a neo-Gothic building
• Goldbergturm
• Water tower in Görlitz
• Water tower in Groitzsch
• Water Tower ( Bahnbetriebswerk Hamburg- Altona), one of the youngest water towers in Hamburg
• Water towers in Hamm
• Water Tower ( Böckingen ), famous landmark in the Heilbronn district Böckingen
• Water Towers Herten, the largest water towers in Germany
• Water tower of the mine Ibbenbüren
• Water Tower ( Iosefin ), standing under monument protection water tower in Timisoara
• Water tower in Kist
• Town Hall Tower in Kornwestheim
• Water tower in Laupheim
• Water tower in Leer ( Ostfriesland)
• Water Tower Water Lübeck Art (1867 )
• Water tower in Machtolsheim
• Water Tower (Memmingen ), former water tower
• Water tower in Mülheim am Main
• Water tower in Geistviertel in Münster
• Water Tower Offenbach am Main
• Water Tower Oldenburg- Donnerschwee, built in 1896
• Water tower in town Plank
• Water Tower ( Radebeul ), a technical monument
• Water Tower ( Rastatt ), Water Tower in Rastatt
• Water tower on the Lindenberg in Salzgitter - Thiede
• Water Tower Speyer
• Biebricher water tower in Wiesbaden- Biebrich
• Water Tower ( Wiener Neustadt), symbol of the Lower Austrian town of
• Water tower with pump windmill at Willegassen / Schonthal
• Water tower in Zerbst / Anhalt

List vice unused water towers

• Water Tower Belvedere in Aachen → offices and Restaurant
• Water tower in Alsdorf → Cinetower Kinopark Alsdorf
• Water tower in Anklam → House
• Water Tower ( Bad Doberan ) → converted for residential purposes
• Water Tower ( Bad Soden) → Natural History exhibition
• Water tower in Bad Schwartau → Archive Schwartau
• Bard Berger Water Tower → privately
• Water Tower Bebra → Museum
• Water tower on the Upper Lake in Berlin -Alt- Hohenschonhausen → wine bar / bar and flat
• Kreuzberg -Tempelhof ( Berlin) Dtk Water Tower (Youth Culture and Communication Centre)
• Water Tower Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin → apartments
• Water Tower in Berlin- Steglitz → weather station of the Free University of Berlin
• Water tower in Berstadt → Folk Museum
• Water tower in Bexbach → Museum
• Water tower of Bishop Home → monument
• Water Tower Bocholt → monument, partly redeveloped as a school
• Water tower on the mountain greed in Braunschweig → monument
• Water tower in Blumenthal (Bremen) → daycare
• Water tower on the Werder Bremen → " flagship project " of a residential and office district
• Water Tower Bremerhaven -Lehe →
• Water Tower Bremerhaven - Geestemünde → Restaurant
• Residential water tower Bremerhaven - Wulsdorf
• Water Tower by Braun village ( Niederwiesa ) → House
• Water tower of the former railway depot Crailsheim → Restaurant
• Water Tower in Cuxhaven → Apartment ( in Cuxhaven- Lüdingworth )
• Water tower in Demmin → astronomy station with Planetarium
• Old Water Tower in Dessau → Landeshauptarchiv Saxony -Anhalt
• Water tower of the Dortmund South Station → office space, retail store, exhibition rooms
• Water tower in Düren district apartments Remember →
• Water Tower Eichwalde → House, Office Space
• Water tower in Elmshorn Elmshorn → candle factory and Bistro
• Water Tower ( Eppelheim) → maid room and Museum
• Water tower in Erkelenz → private residential tower
• Water Tower in Essen- Steele → private gallery
• Water tower in Finow Eberswalde → Construction and Industrial Monument, Lookout brass Finow
• Water tower in Gersthofen → Balloon Museum Gersthofen
• Water tower of Pomerania → ground floor city information, tower floor meeting room
• Water tower in Gross-Gerau → Office Space
• Water Tower Gütersloh → Youth Café / seminar rooms
• Urban water tower Hagenow → apartments
• Water Tower in Halle ( Saale ) Hauptbahnhof → an advertising medium for the mountain zoo in Halle ( Saale)
• Water Tower in Halle ( Saale) North → technical monument, clubrooms
• Water Tower in the city park in Hamburg Planetarium →
• Water tower in Hamburg -Stellingen → apartments
• Ski jump tower in Hamburg- star jump in Schanzenpark → Hotel
• Water tower in Hanover → conversion to an event and event center
• Water Tower in Hannover- Misburg → rehearsal rooms
• Water Tower Heide in Holstein → offices, registry office
• Water tower in Hochheim am Main → Gastronomy
• Water Tower Hohenlockstedt → lookout tower and part of a museum
• Water tower in Husum → lookout tower
• Water tower in Irkutsk, the district May Day → clubhouse and climbing wall of cave explorers club
• Water tower in Joachimsthal ( Barnim ), Land Brandenburg → Biorama project
• Water tower in Kirchberg ( Hunsrück) → is currently umbebaut for a gastronomic use
• Water tower in Kempten ( Allgäu) → to be converted into a lookout tower
• Water Tower Klotzsche in Dresden → apartments
• Water tower in Konstanz Allmannsdorf, Otto- Moerike Tower Hostel →
• Water tower in Konstanz, Stromeyersdorf → Office Space
• Water tower in Kiel → Venue (theater, concerts, exhibitions, etc. )
• Water Tower Hotel Cologne →
• Water Tower Langeoog
• Water tower in Leinefelde → town hall
• Water tower in Lingen ( Ems) → monument
• Water tower in Lüneburg → social center
• Salbker water tower in Magdeburg → Artists Workshop
• Water Tower in Mannheim → centrally built as a symbol of progress
• Water tower in the sea bush District: Lank- Latum → former celluloid factory
• Water Tower ( Mölln ) → lookout tower with various exhibitions
• Water tower at the Viersener street in Mönchengladbach → the former keeper's house pumps, artists can use free for two years as a studio
• Aquarius Water Museum in Mülheim an der Ruhr Museum →
• Water tower in Nauen → House
• Water tower in Neunkirchen ( Saar) → Cultural
• Water tower in Nienburg ( Weser) → flats
• Water tower in Noervenich - Wissersheim → Einfamilienwohnhaus
• Railway water tower Oldenburg harbor → Office Space
• Water tower in Plön → Holiday
• Water tower in Pfalzfeld → House
• Water tower in Prenzlau → conversion is sought, in 2004 preserving the facade by Stadtwerke Prenzlau
• Water Tower Flats Schwetzingen →
• Water tower in Siegburg → commercial use of several companies
• Water tower in Solingen → light tower, laboratory and venue
• Water tower in Spremberg → apartments
• Water tower in Uetersen → monument
• Water tower in Uevekoven → House and Architecture Office
• Water tower in Utscheid → Holiday
• Water tower in Viersen ( Wind Rose) → Restaurant
• Water Tower ( Walle ) → flats
• Water tower Favorites in Vienna → showroom
• Water tower in Zabrze → flats (planned)
• Water tower in Kirchmöser → Museum
• Water tower in town Blessed → Radio Antennas
• Water tower in Visselhoevede → Gallery and registry office.
• Water tower in Waren / Müritz → Apartments.
• Water Tower (Worms ) → flats
• Water tower in Ebersbach- Neugersdorf → apartments
• Water tower on the Petri mountain in Trier → lookout tower
• Water tower in Strasburg in Uckermark → Hotel / Restaurant
• Water tower in Löderburg at Staßfurt → lookout tower
• Water tower in Athens life in Staßfurt → lookout tower

Relevant standards / regulations

• Standards Committee Water Management ( NAW ) DIN, the German Institute for Standardization (ed.): Water supply - Requirements for systems and components of water storage; German version EN 1508:1998. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Vienna, Zurich, 1998.
• DVGW eV ( eds.): Technical rule worksheet W 300, water storage - design, construction, operation and maintenance of water tanks in the drinking water supply. Economic and publishing company gas and water mbH, Bonn 2005, ISSN 0176-3504.