Yersinia
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Yersinia pestis
- Y. aldovae
- Y. aleksiciae
- Y. bercovieri
- Y. enterocolitica
- Y. frederiksenii
- Y. intermedia
- Y. kristensenii
- Y. massiliensis
- Y. mollaretii
- Y. pestis Y. pestis biovar microtus
Bacteria of the genus Yersinia belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae, in which a group of related gram-negative rod bacteria are understood, the optional multiply anaerobic. They were named after the Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin Émile Jean, who discovered the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis in Hong Kong in 1894 and docked the first pure culture of bacteria. He also discovered the special role of rats and rat fleas in the transmission of disease.
Of the 14 Yersinia species are three of particular medical relevance since they are obligate human pathogen. When Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or cotrimoxazole are used in Yersinia diseases. In infections with Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica chemotherapeutic measures are not usually required.
Medically important species
Yersinia pestis
The bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, is one of the world's most feared bacteria at all. It is an immovable rod without scourge and without sporulation with the ability to split urea. However, the bacterium is also no viable spores for months in saliva, feces and pus and dried in parasites such as the rat flea or on the walls of caves of various rodents (eg, rats). It also affects pork.
Sensitivity, however, it is to molds. The excitation of the deadly disease carried on by the formation of various toxins and the body of the infected persons. Usually it comes to the lymphatic spread of Yersinia, clinically recognizable by the characteristic blue-black pressure- painful bumps ( buboes ). If it comes to scattering in the bloodstream results in a septicaemic, with a scattering in the lungs secondary pneumonic plague with highly infectious sputum. The incubation period is 1-7 days, with direct airborne infection only a few hours. Untreated bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 50-60 %, the Pestpneumonie and Pestseptikämie almost 100 %. Given adequate and timely therapy with Tetrazyclinen, quinolones or cotrimoxazole the lethality of the bubonic plague to 5-10 % decreases in the Pestseptikämie to 33-60 %. The diagnosis of plague is done by the detection of the pathogen in Bubonenpunktat, sputum or blood. The microscopy and culture is used (RKI, 2005).
Since 2001, Yersinia pestis is one of the sequenced organisms, the genome of the bacterium is completely known.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacterium, which is characterized by a flagellum a limited zone ( peritrichous flagella ) and can live for a short time when needed without oxygen ( anaerobic). It induces in rodents pseudo tuberculosis, a disease with tuberculosis- like symptoms. In humans, presents clinically mesenteric lymphadenitis with terminal ileitis, which is difficult to distinguish from appendicitis (hence " pseudoappendicitis ").
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of enteric yersiniosis; a feverish intestinal inflammation ( enterocolitis or enteritis ) as a result of food poisoning. Are frequent side effects such as an extensive erythema nodosum, a Yersinia arthritis or Reiter's disease with eczema of the palms and soles of the feet up.
Human pathogenic strains carry a virulence plasmid. Vectors ( carriers to humans ) are often rodents, rats in Central Europe. However, the most common transmission to humans occurs through insufficiently cooked pork.
Infection with Yersinia is a notifiable disease and must be reported by the physician for each health office.
Cultural and serological methods for the diagnosis of the disease, depending on the waveform used. In addition to enteritis and extraintestinal manifestations such as sepsis or lymphadenopathy can be observed especially in immunocompromised persons. Typically occur in approximately 20 % of those infected to immunopathological reactions, eg in the form of reactive arthritis.