Hanbali

• Regions where Hanbali represent the majority

The Hanbali, al - Arab الحنبلية Hanbaliya, DMG al - Hanbaliya, are one of the four traditional teaching directions ( madhahib ) of Sunni Islam. In theology the area they are usually followers of the Athari school.

Hanbali today

The Hanbalis are the smallest law school of Sunni Islam, which attach about five percent of Sunnis. In Saudi Arabia, it is the state school of law followed. Although it is not always explicitly mentioned in the sources of law, the Hanbalismus in the legal system of Saudi Arabia has a strong presence. The Hanbali practice due to the influence in Saudi Arabia, where the holy sites of Mecca and Medina are located, which are every year goal of Hajj, a strong influence on the entire Sunni community from.

So follow the Salafi currents, attach the no explicit law school, in most cases the views that correspond to the Hanbali opinion.

History

The law school Ahmad ibn Hanbal goes back to ( 780-855 ), who was among other things, student Muhammad ibn Idris ash- Shafi ʿ is ( 767-820 ) and the Hanafi Abu Yusuf, however, was only institutionalized by his students. Ibn Hanbal approved to primarily the consensus ( ijma ʿ ) of the Islamic community, the Ummah, an important position next to the Quran and Sunnah. The Hanbali were particularly strong one on the basis of the Hadith, the position of the Ashab al - hadeeth was retained. Ahmad ibn Hanbal made ​​several hadith works together. Among the al - Musnad, a monumental collection of more than 29 thousand hadiths. Maqdisi extended the basics of hadith criticism, whose literary documented beginnings are detectable as early as the 8th century. His most famous work in this area is its comprehensive biography of those narrators who are called in the six canonical hadith collections in the Isnaden.

Important Hanbali the Islamic Middle Ages were Ibn ʿ Aqil (d. 1119 ), Ibn al - Jawzi (d. 1201), ʿ Abd al - Ghani al - Maqdisi (d. 1203), Ibn Qudama (d. 1223 ), Najm ad -Din at - Tufi (d. 1316 ), Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328 ), Ibn al - Qaiyim Dschauzīya (d. 1350) and Ibn Rajab (d. 1393 ). Even Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi doctrine, was Hanbalit. With the enforcement of his teaching in the Saudi state there was also the Hanbali school of the foundation of the legal system. After the Saudi conquest of the Hijaz in the 1920s Hanbalismus was forcibly introduced in the Hejaz.

Finding of law

In the defined sources of fiqh play of analogy ( qiyas ) and the independent expert opinion (ra ʾ y) according to the Hanbali tradition almost no role. Also the taqlid is universally regarded with skepticism. A continuation of ijtihad is sought in the Hanbali tradition. This depends primarily on the strictly theological and dogmatic mindset together. There is a desire, all the laws from the Quran, the Sunnah and the consensus ( ijma ') of the first generations ( salaf as salih ) derive. The Hanbalismus is very conservative and strict especially in dogmatic and in matters of worship. The defunct law school of Zahiriten has risen more and more in Hanbalismus over time. How many quarters Ibn Hazm also is considered to be followers of the Hanbali ibn Hanbal Ahmad or at least. Where the lawful recognition of the four Sunni schools of law passed by the Zahiriten to the Hanbali.

Theological positions

The Hanbalis are the Kalam traditionally skeptical. They were among the first opponents of the Mu ʿ tazila, which in particular Ahmad ibn Hanbal had suffered torture and imprisonment. In his treatise al - Imam Ahmad ibn Mihnat Hanbal al- Shaybani محنة الامام أحمد بن حنبل الشيباني / Miḥnat al - Imaam Ahmad b. Ḥanbal aš - Šaibānī /, The Inquisition against Ahmad ibn Hanbal ' summed Maqdisi questioning and punishment together that had Ahmad ibn Hanbal suffered at the time of Mu ʿ tazila on the question whether the Qur'an is created ( Khalq al -Qur ʾ ān ), and whether the person God can see on the Day of resurrection. They taught as opposed to the Mu ʿ taziliten the uncreated of the Koran, rejected the controversial theology of the Kalam and saw only the statements in the Qur'an and Hadith as well as the traditions of the " ancients " (ahl al- salaf ) to prevail. All further theological statements they rejected as bid ʿ a.

Within the Hanbali school there was a strong Sufi flow in the Middle Ages. Famous Sufis of the Hanbali school were ʿ Abd Allāh al - Ansari and ʿ Abd al - al - Jilani Qādir. Ibn al - Jawzi wrote in his work Sifaat aṣ - Safwa ( " The property of the elite " ) a history of Sufism in which he tried to show that the true Sufis were those who followed the teachings of the great prophets companions. And Ibn Taymiyah wrote a comment to a Sufi work by ʿ Abd al - al - Jilani Qādir. However, practiced Hanbali Ibn al - Jawzi and Ibn Taymiyya strong criticism of such Sufis, whose doctrines they regarded as heretical. So Ibn al - Jawzi in his polemical treatise Talbees Iblees ( " The Seduction / forgery of the devil" ) against the teachings of al - Hallaj and ʿ Abd al - al - Jilani Qādir.