Sichuan
- Total - Contribution to PRC
485,000 km ² 5.05%
- Total 2010 - Density
81.85 million inhabitants 179 inhabitants / km ²
Sichuan (四川Chinese, Pinyin Szechuan? / I, four rivers ', and Sichuan, Szechwan or Szechuan ) is a province of Southwest China with Chengdu as its capital. Traditionally, Sichuan has been known as the " land of plenty " (天府之国/天府之国, Tianfu Zhi guó ).
- 8.1 Agriculture
- 8.2 Mining
- 8.3 industry
Geography
Sichuan is located east of the Tibetan plateau in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
The core of the province is the Red Basin, a fertile, surrounded by mountains level. The plane has a north- south gradient of 700 m to 300 m. The West is dominated by high mountain ranges such as the Daxue Shan (大雪山, Daxue Shān ) associated with the Gongga Shan ( Tibetan Minya Konka ) ( 7556 m ), the highest elevation of the province. To the north the basin is completed by the Qinling Mountains (秦岭 山/秦岭 山), which goes up to the 4000s. The south and south-east lies the Dalou Mountains (大 娄 山/大 娄 山) with peaks around 2000 m.
Other important mountains are Erlang Shan (二郎山; 3437 m), Emei Shan (峨眉山; 3099 m) and Siguniang Shan (四姑娘山; 6254 m)
The Yangtze River is traversed by the largest and largest river, the Sichuan. Its course forms the bulk of the western and southern border of the province, where he still bears the name Jinsha Jiang to Yibin (金沙江, gold sand river ' ). In Sichuan, he takes on four tributaries which gave its name to the province. These four rivers are the Min Jiang (岷江), Tuo Jiang (沱江), Jialing Jiang (嘉陵江) and Wu Jiang (乌江). Previously, he has already recorded at the Yalong Jiang Panzhihua (雅砻江).
The province is located at the edge of the overthrust zone of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate. Through this plate shift is the Sichuan province earthquake-prone (see 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Earthquake Stele Forest of Xichang ).
Adjacent administrative units at provincial level are Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan.
Climate
The Sichuan Basin ( " Red Basin " ) has a subtropical climate despite its inland location. The sheltered location in the valley brought the level 350 frost-free days in the year and thus the possibility of year-round to farm. An important limit is then marked out by the Qinling Mountains to the north. In January, north of which is the average temperature of 0 ° C, in the south of it Sichuan 8 ° C. The summer temperatures average at 30 ° C. The rainfall is 1000 mm and because of heavy cloud and fog formation Sichuan comes only to 25-30 days of sunshine per year.
The climatic conditions in the mountainous regions that surround the Red Basin and to the west rise to the Tibetan plateau, however, are much colder and drier.
Flora and Fauna
The diverse geomorphology and the different climate have created favorable conditions for a rich flora. The province has 7.46 million hectares of forest. One fifth of the so-called " living fossils " of China as the dawn redwood and the birds in the tree are endemic to Sichuan. The panda, one of the national symbols of China, is native to four mountains of Sichuan and is particularly encouraged in protection zones. The most important is the Wolong Nature Reserve.
Population
In addition to a majority of Han Chinese (95 % ) live in Sichuan members of the minorities the Yi (2.6%), Tibetans (1.5%), Qiang ( 0.4%) and Miao. The majority of the population lives in the plains and is dominated by the Han, while the mountainous areas are sparsely populated and are strongly influenced by the minorities.
In 1997, the average life expectancy was 69.7 years.
Sichuan is a major output region of internal migration, that is, many migrant workers come from this province.
Administrative Divisions
History of the administrative divisions
The western part of Sichuan, with over a third of the area of the province belonged until 1955 to the province Xikang (西康省), which largely corresponded theoretically the Tibetan cultural region of Kham. Western Kham or Qamdo but was already come during the Empire under Chinese administration. The Xikang province was dissolved in 1955, Western Kham went to Tibet, eastern Kham in Sichuan, bringing the historical conditions were restored.
The city of Chongqing with the appropriate County was separated on 14 March 1997 as a direct-controlled city of Sichuan Province.
Today's administrative division
Sichuan presently consists of 18 prefecture-level cities and three autonomous areas:
- Chengdu city (成都市)
- Zigong City (自贡 市/自贡 市),
- Panzhihua City (攀枝花 市),
- Luzhou City (泸州 市/泸州 市),
- Deyang City (德阳 市/德阳 市),
- Mianyang City (绵阳 市/绵阳 市),
- Guangyuan City (广元市/广元市)
- Suining City (遂宁 市/遂宁 市),
- Neijiang City (内江 市/内江 市),
- Leshan City (乐山 市/乐山 市),
- Nanchong City (南充 市),
- Meishan City (眉山 市),
- Yibin City (宜宾 市/宜宾 市),
- Guang'an City (广安 市/广安 市),
- Dazhou City (达 州市/达 州市)
- Ya'an City (雅安 市),
- Bazhong City (巴中市)
- Ziyang City (资阳市/资阳市)
- Autonomous Prefecture of Tibetan and Qiang Ngawa (阿坝 藏族 羌族 自治州/阿坝 藏族 羌族 自治州, ABA Zàngzú Qiāngzú Zìzhìzhōu )
- Autonomous District Garzê of Tibetans (甘孜 藏族 自治州, Ganzi Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu )
- Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture of (凉山 彝族 自治州, Liangshan Yizu Zìzhìzhōu ) Yi, capital: Xichang (西昌 市).
Languages
The majority of languages spoken in Sichuan dialects of the Chinese language, including the dialect of the capital Chengdu, belong to the south-west, as Huguang (湖广/湖广) or Xinan (西南) designated group of Chinese languages and have a strong resemblance to the dialects of neighboring provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and Chongqing Municipality on.
The fusion of retro flexing / tʂ tʂ ʰ ʂ / and alveolar / ts ts ʰ s /, the fusion of / n / and / l / as well as / ɤŋ / or / iɤŋ / and / ən / or / in / are special features, the various dialects of the south-western language group are common.
The Autonomous Municipalities Garzê and Ngawa in western and northern Sichuan are mainly inhabited by Tibetans, who speak the Kham and Amdo dialects of Tibetan. The related Qiang and with them ethnic groups speak more than one own Tibeto - Burmese languages. The Liangshan Autonomous District resident in the south of Sichuan Yi also use their own Tibeto - Burmese language, which is officially written with a syllabary of 1,164 characters.
History
Since the Shang dynasty existed in Sichuan settlements that make up the 9th century BC, the kingdoms of Shu (蜀) and Ba (巴) developed until they were 316 BC annexed by the emerging kingdom of Qin. An archaeological site for the Kingdom of Shu in the village of Sanxingdui (三星堆).
In the 3rd century BC, an important basis for the agricultural wealth of the province was laid with the construction of the irrigation system of Dujiangyan.
Broke the rule of a Chinese dynasty together, the residents of Sichuan were always among the first to use the turmoil to establish his own kingdom. This was the case, when Gongsun Shu was proclaimed king of Shu during the rebellion of the Red Eyebrows in year 24. His reign lasted until 36, when it was crushed by Han Guangwu.
When the Yellow Turban Rebellion heralded the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Lu built (张鲁/张鲁) 186-216 in Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, a Daoist theocracy based on the teachings of his grandfather Zhang Daoling (张道陵/张道陵) was based.
In the disintegration of the empire of the Han Liu founded In (刘备/刘备) 221 Shu- Han (蜀汉/蜀汉), one of the Three Kingdoms, which were eponymous for the following period.
In the early 30s the northern parts of Sichuan Been communist controlled. 1935 led the route of the Long March through Sichuan; while the storming of the Luding Bridge was one of the most daring actions.
1936 experienced an extreme drought Sichuan with the following famine.
After the conquest of Wuhan by the Japanese nationalists laid under Chiang Kai -shek in 1938 its headquarters to Chongqing.
1949 Southwest Office was established under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping born Sichuanesen to consolidate the rule of the CCP in this region after the proclamation of the PRC. In December 1949, the Communists conquered with Chongqing recent mainland base of the KMT.
1975 Zhao Ziyang was party secretary in Sichuan and initiated first market reforms in agriculture.
Economy
The Sichuan province as a whole is still characterized predominantly agrarian. However, the Government is committed to an active economic policy and has set up in Chengdu and Mianyang Special Economic Zones.
Among the inland provinces of Sichuan is considered relatively wealthy, but can not compete with coastal regions such as Guangdong is
In 2002, the gross national product of the province was 488 billion RMB. 2000 was an urban average income for 5894 RMB and a rural in 2768 RMB. 1999, the official unemployment rate was 3.7 %.
Agriculture
Sichuan is mainly a rice -growing region, but is also major producer of corn, sweet potatoes, wheat, canola and soy. The cultivation of fruit and citrus fruits is also common. An animal products, especially pork and silk cocoons are significant. Furthermore, it is produced in Sichuan tea of international standing. This tea is intended solely for export. In the mountainous regions of the province of the large-framed Jiulong yak is also grown. A breeding station, which aims to improve the performance levels of these yak race to which he is in Jiulong since 1980.
The value of agricultural production rose from 1994 to 1999 average annual rate of 5.6% to 144.5 billion RMB.
Mining
In Sichuan, iron ( in Panzhihua ), titanium, vanadium and cobalt mined.
Industry
In 1999 the value of industrial production of Sichuan 390 billion RMB was. In addition to heavy industries (iron, steel, power generation ) light industry exists with wood processing, silk weaving and food production.
Infrastructure
Sichuan has been integrated into the 1950s in the railway network of the People's Republic of China, and since then Chengdu is the main hub in China's western region. The connections with the rest of the country running north across Baoji to Xi'an, Chongqing and eastward across south over Xichang to Kunming. In 1998, the total length of 2693 km distances.
After Tibet to the west perform several built roads, eg via Kangding, and since August 2006, the new Qinghai- Tibet Railway, which is also the highest railroad in the world. The motorway network is still under development. 1998, it had 550 km route length between Chongqing, Chengdu, Mianyang and Xinjin.
Chengdu Shuangliu has with an international airport.
Tourism
In the UNESCO list of World Cultural Heritage and World Heritage listed from Sichuan:
- Jiuzhaigou (九寨沟/九寨沟) has a 440 km north of Chengdu situated nature reserve, the waterfalls and minority culture has to offer.
- Huanglong (黄龙/黄龙)
- Emei Shan (峨眉山): Emei Shan is located 165 km southwest of Chengdu. It is one of the four sacred mountains of the Chinese Buddhism. According to legend, the bodhisattva Samantabhadra is said to have taught on the Emei Shan. The mountain is dotted with temples and a popular pilgrimage destination.
- Leshan Buddha (乐山 大佛/乐山 大佛): The Giant Buddha of Leshan was 719-803 carved out of a cliff of the Min River. With a height of 71 meters, it is the largest sitting Buddha statue in the world.
- Qingcheng Shan (青城 山)
- Dujiangyan (都江堰)
The dissident author Liao Yiwu is born in Sichuan. As a Sichuan it is Handlungsort by Bertolt Brecht 1938-1940 entstandenem play The Good Person of Szechwan, but the reference is symbolic and not concrete.