True toad

Bufo terrestris

The toads ( Bufonidae ) constitute a family within the order of Anura. Worldwide, more than 500 species distributed on all continents; to Greenland, in Antarctica, Madagascar, New Zealand and many Pacific islands, they are however not represented. The fauna of Australia also counts only the neozoische, introduced cane toad from the people; otherwise the family would not be present here as well.

To anatomical and morphological features compare Neobatrachia and True Toads. Many species of the family, for example, have a warty, glandular skin rich and rather short hind legs. There are both types with aquatiler Kaulquappenphase as well as those with direct development within the eggs ( then slip finished young toads from the eggs ). With the genera Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides also the only viviparous anurans are represented. The nearly 300 species most extensive by far genus of Bufonidae family are the eponymous Real toads (Bufo ) - at least if you systematically not further differentiated this taxon and dissolves ( see below).

At a higher taxonomic level, the term " toad " is not limited sharply - so it is also used for species other families and even another suborder of Anura belong ( see, for example: Obstetrician toads, European and American spadefoot, Surinam Toads ). For the term "frog" applies, mutatis mutandis, the same thing.

Taxonomy

The systematics of the family Bufonidae is controversial. It is hard to find different representations of their taxonomic structure. The following table is based on the website AmphibiaWeb (see Related links) that lists 35 genera with about 540 species. In this form, it is probably a paraphyletic Sammeltaxon. One of these diverging table provides the website Amphibian Species of the World (see Related links), where a similar number of species is distributed in 45 genera ( plus more than 20 species that are unique to any genre ). Be additionally introduced Opposite the list below as genera about Amietophrynus, Anaxyrus, Andinophryne, Duttaphrynus, Epidalea, Incilius, Laurentophryne, Nannophryne, Peltophryne, Phrynoidis, Poyntonophrynus, Pseudepidalea, Rhaebo, Rhinella and Vandijkophrynus (also fall five others away). This system is viewed as being controversial and partially still quite provisional. If one followed this proposal would, for example, well-known former Bufo species such as the natterjack toad ( then Epidalea calamita ), toad ( Pseudepidalea viridis), golden toad ( Incilius periglenes ), Blomberg toad ( Rhaebo blombergi ) or Cane Toad ( Rhinella marina) given new names. In the genus Bufo itself just under 20 species would remain.

List of genera

(Source: AmphibiaWeb, editing as of September 2013)

  • Adenomus Cope, 1861
  • Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • Amazophrynella Fouquet et al., 2012
  • Amietophrynus Frost et al. 2,006
  • Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845
  • Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985
  • Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870
  • Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 - Stummelfußfrösche
  • Bufo Laurenti, 1768 - True Toads
  • Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
  • Capensibufo Grandison, 1980
  • Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
  • Crepidophryne Cope, 1889
  • Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
  • Didynamipus Andersson, 1903
  • Frostius Cannatella, 1986
  • Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960
  • Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
  • Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 - Schwarzkrötchen
  • Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960
  • Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
  • Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters in Peters, 1875
  • Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926
  • Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
  • Osornophryne Ruiz- Carranza & Hernández- Camacho, 1976
  • Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003
  • Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (see: Tree Toad, P. hosii )
  • Pelophryne Barbour, 1938
  • Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838
  • Rhinella Fitzinger, 1828
  • Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun & Sudin, 2007
  • Schismaderma Smith, 1849
  • Spinophrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • Stephopaedes Channing, 1979
  • True Bella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995
  • Werneria Poche, 1903 (named after Franz Werner)
  • Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939
Lissamphibia John Edward Gray Anatomy Tadpole
152193
de