Windjammer

The Windjammer is a tall ship type that emerged after the Klipperära in the second half of the 19th century and became the successor of the fast sailor. There were wooden (mainly U.S. until 1892), iron and steel (since 1882) produced, more designed for carrying capacity, handling and economy tall ships to retract their shipowners profits. The later, cargo-carrying sail training ships belong to this category. The ships were over the decades also rate- based and user- optimized ( alterations to the hull and rigging, steam -assisted winches, Jarvis -Brass winches, halyard winches, better accommodations for the team " before the mast ", etc.). Today, the term is synonymous with " Sailing " and includes as the last generation of Windjammer modern sail training ships and cruise ships such as the Sea Cloud.

• 4.1 parade and regatta
• 4.2 As a training ship
• 4.3 To re-socialization

• 5.1 Selection still traveling Windjammer
• 5.2 Selection windjammer museum ships
• 5.3 Selection Windjammer wreck

Origin of the term

Hailing from the English term derives from to jam the wind, which means " wind block " means. It was first used as a derisive remark, according to " Webster's Dictionary revised and uncut " ( " Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary " 1828, 1913) used by steamer crews for sailors and their crew, according to other sources (see below) for saver, developed but to a name, which includes long been a reputablen character solely because of the success of these ships that dominated the world's oceans for more than 50 years. " Whine " with " complain, howl " in the sense of it has nothing to do, although it is often the derivation of the " howling wind in the yards " reads. This etymology is so prevalent in German and Dutch language area, that it is also found in the English language often. This is an imported folk etymology, a rare phenomenon in all languages ​​.

Delineation of the type

The term tall ship or the corresponding English term tall ship ( = tall ship ) includes all major deep-water sailors, rah - like Schrat or gemischtgetakelte, eg brig, barque, Barkentine, full-rigged ship, Gaffelschoner etc. All Windjammer are also tall ships, but not all tall ships also Windjammer when you " Windjammer " is defined as a functional concept of the wind utilization ago: get while savers with your own along standing Schratsegeln their tunneling through the vacuum similar to a wing especially in the high -am- wind sailing, are square-rigged ship, particularly " Wind pressed forward" in harsh wind, through the ( wind- jammed ). Many authors avoid naval therefore the term " Windjammer " in connection with schooners and used the term " clipper " for the cargo sailing ship of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Method of construction

Since Windjammer emerged from the clippers, was taken over by which, for example, the concave clipper and also the basic lines, had some Windjammer lengths aspect ratios such as extreme clipper. An early approach was the Viermastklipperbark Great Republic from 1853 by clipper ship builders Donald McKay originally 4,445 GRT, four decks and crew of 125. The new tall ships were initially less built for speed, but optimized towards economic transportation because they transported especially bulk commodities such as saltpeter, charcoal, guano, wheat or cement. Even sensitive goods that you did not want to expose the constant vibration of the steam engines were still entrusted sailing ships. The Prussians had, for example, on their last trip pianos as cargo. Therefore, the ships had a relatively rectangular hull with wide cargo spaces and a sail that got along with less staff, which was realized by the four-masted concept - the huge canvases of partially übertakelten clipper distributed in the larger Windjammer units, the four-masted full- ships and four-masted barques, on four masts, which, however, were approximately the same size, while the clippers dominated the mainmast. These accounted for the expensive -to-use studding sails. The carrying capacity tripled thus compared to the clippers. In the United States there were a number of huge wooden Windjammer ( with metal reinforcements ) and later steel, which one according to their origin New England (especially Maine) called " Downeaster ". They were predominantly from the shipyard and shipping company Arthur Sewall & Co. of Bath ( Maine) and presented by the Great Republic the largest Holzrahschiffe the world (Roanoke, Shenandoah, Susquehanna, Rappahannock ).

The Windjammer were ships of the early industrialization and therefore already benefited from the achievements of industrial production such as hulls and masts of iron or steel, steel ropes for rigging and winches on deck to make work easier. Auxiliary steam engines to operate cargo gear and pumps were also installed. A mixed driving with sail and engine came tentatively to use, but not proved. Windjammer were rigged as a barque and full-rigged ship with three masts, larger units were the four-masted full-rigged ships and four-masted barques, of which there were about 40 or 400. Fünfmastrahsegler there were in the world merchant fleet only seven ships, until the Prussians were all rigged as a five-masted barques and had up to France I, Potosí and Prussia an auxiliary drive (steam, diesel). You could use 6200-8000 t 1.5 - twice an average four-masted barque carry, but came too late, as the steamer competition was always superior:

• France (1901 sunk off Brazil, crew rescued )
• Maria Rickmers (1892 on the way home from the maiden voyage in the Indian Ocean lost)
• Prussia (1910 stranded off Dover )
• RC Rickmers (1917 sunk off Ireland as Neath under the British flag by submarine )
• France (1922 against New Caledonia stranded )
• København (1928 lost in the South Atlantic with 60 men )

The last four-masted barques built in Germany were typically 110 feet long, had 3,200 gross register tons (GRT ) and 4,000 deadweight tons at about 30 man crew.

Use

Windjammer also referred to as deep-water sailors, which is intended to express that they are intended for intercontinental travel over the deep oceans. For voyages in coastal waters, they are ill-suited and mostly rely on tugs as they can cross the poorly rigged with square sails. This is due to the ocean seldom necessary because the routes have been selected on the basis of prevailing winds. Nevertheless, there have been and square-riggers that could sail almost like a yacht very close to the wind because of their Rahaufhängung and their " Brassbarkeit " and can. Examples of these are the fast Laeisz sailors as Prussia, Pitlochry, then the rapid Duchess Cecilie and called the Russian Mir today. In total, over 1,500 Dreimastrahschiffe were built after 1870, 440 Viermastrahschiffe (about 40 full-rigged ships and 400 barges ) and seven Fünfmastrahschiffe. Here, the Barkrigg has prevailed for reasons of economy.

The Windjammer were in direct competition with the steamers, which have wide ranges of shipping had conquered and sailors crowded into smaller and smaller niches. The domain of the tall ships were over long distances, which could not be operated economically because of the fuel problem by steamer. This included mainly the nitrate trade from Chile to Europe around the southern tip of South America, Cape Horn, or wheat transport from Australia.

During the time leading shipping nation Great Britain, under whose flag except the Neath ex RC Rickmers never a five master drove very fast Ground surrounded their merchant fleet steamer, the Windjammer in France and Germany still found their followers. In Germany, especially the so-called Flying P -Liner of the Hamburg shipping company F. Laeisz became famous. In France was the leading shipping company with sailing ships " Antoine -Dominique Bordes & Fils ". It is interesting to know that what the big windjammer - the four-and Fünfmastrahschiffe - is concerned, almost 70 % of shipyards of Britain, especially Scotland, came, followed by France, Germany and the United States. In contrast, seafaring nations such as Italy only seven, Canada four, Japan five, the Netherlands two and Denmark have only built one (which still exists today Viking) of the great sailors, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden and Finland not, although a number of Norwegian and Finnish shipping companies some of the four-masted ships managed.

End as a freighter

During the First World War, many Windjammer were lost, what sealed the fate of cargo shipping under sail. As a final entertained the Finnish shipowner Gustaf Erikson until after the Second World War still a fleet of tall ships for the carriage ride.

Only in the middle of the 20th century disappeared the last cargo-carrying tall ships from the seas. The last three tall ships - all four-masted barques - were the two former Flying P -Liner Pamir, Passat and Drumcliff. The Pamir sank on 21 September 1957, as the Passat, with a hurricane in touch, but narrowly escaped, a few weeks later was put out of service. A year later sank on 26 June 1958, the Omega ex Drumcliff with a cargo of guano off the coast of Peru. The ship was at that time 71 years. Momentum and the last tall ship in cargo service, which went down

The last to be built as a freighter Windjammer was in 1926 when F. Laeisz entered service in Padua. After a few Windjammer for training purposes of the trade and navies were built, which today are in use in many cases (see Nippon Maru, Maru Kaiwo ).

In the recent period, he was again some new buildings as a substitute for getting on in years as training ships and luxury cruise ships like the Royal Clipper.

Today's meaning

Today the Windjammer are almost exclusively used as a museum ship or sail training ships in the Navy or used for rental or exhibition purposes, for example in the Sail Bremerhaven, Kiel Week or the Travemünde Week and the special meeting of sailing ships Baltic Sail and Hanse Sail. However, some still drive and take paying, assisting passengers with.

Parade and Regatta

Tall ship parades take on international regattas, such as the Kieler Woche, the Travemünde Week, the Hanse Sail, Tall Ships' Races, and at other events without connected Regatta, as the Armada Rouen and the Sail Amsterdam very well received.

Sail 2000

As a training ship

Today, tall ships are often used as training ships of the Navy. Increasingly, as the Sail training ships ( sail training on large ships, especially with the goal of personality development, the formation of character and the joy of sailing ) and for tourism purposes.

See also Sail Training International and Clipper DJS.

To rehabilitation

As a " therapy ships" larger sailing ships for rehabilitation of socially prominent young people are employed. At the most six-month trips, young people learn deposited from the old environment self confidence, responsibility and team spirit and develop new perspectives on life ( experiential learning ). You will be accompanied by teachers and therapists. The trips are prepared and followed up intensively with young people. Carriers are youth groups Pro Juventute ( Switzerland ), church and government facilities. Known therapy ships are, for example, Thor Heyerdahl, Tectona, Ruach, Salomon and Noah.

List of ships

Although the number of tall ships since the beginning of the 20th century was initially due to the more profitable engine-driven ships, they received as vessels for sailing lovers since the second half of the century upswing again.

Selection still traveling Windjammer

Selection windjammer museum ships

Selection Windjammer wreck

In addition, there are a number of ships carrying are tired in or wrecks in the ports and coasts mainly on the southern hemisphere.