Adrian Willaert

Adrian Willaert [ Vuillaert, Wigliaret, Vigliaret; Adrian, often Adrien, M. Adriano ] (* 1490, † December 7, 1562 in Venice ) was a Franco- Flemish composer and teacher origin, made ​​major contributions to the development of the Italian madrigal as a musical genre.

• 2.1 motets
• 2.2 Measure
• 2.3 hymns
• 2.4 Chansons

Life

Early years and studies

Adrian Willaert was born about 1490. The exact place of birth can not be safely identified, despite intensive research. Genealogical studies, however, have the place Roeselare declared probable. The birthplace Bruges is mentioned in 1628 Franciscus Sweertius today but considered unlikely. At the teenage years is not known.

From retrospective records of Willaert 's pupil and music theorist Zarlino Gioseffo shows that Adrian Willaert had been in the years 1510 to 1515 in Paris, to pursue the study of law, but he moved about 1514 to the music. His first teacher was probably Jean Mouton, a member of the Royal Chapel of Louis XII. had.

In the service of Ippolito I d'Este

July 8, 1515 to 1520 Willaert was in the service of Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este ( 1479-1520 ), with whose family he remained all his life closely connected. Together with his masters undertook Willaert 1517-1519 a trip to Hungary, where his employer Ippolito I. resided on the family property. When Cardinal died suddenly a year after returning in September 1520 Willaert was in Ferrara of the chapel of Alfonso I d' Este, the older brother Ippolito I.

Director of music at San Marco 1527-1562

1527 Adrian Willaert was the position of Kapellmeister in Venice offered and he took up his duties on December 12th at St. Mark's Cathedral at. To get this item, was already at this time a high distinction for their outstanding importance received this position but only by Willaert's 35 years long activity. This is also reflected in its content development. He was hired with the usual content of 70 ducats and received 1556 more elevations finally 200 ducats. The primary task of Willaert was the line of about 20 singers strong male voice choir at San Marco. He also taught the boys' voices, whose teaching he gave in 1542 to a specially set singing teacher. In his time at San Marco Willaert composed a variety of works for liturgical use, but in addition also secular works. Due to unspecified family matters known Willaert probably came back only in the years 1542 and 1556 for a short time in his homeland today lies in Belgium. The final years were marked by illness, he died on December 7, 1562 in Venice.

Works

Mainly composed Adrian Willaert sacred works, but was also the trend for the secular music. In total, more than 150 motets, 50 hymns and psalms, 8 trade shows, about 60 songs, over 70 madrigals and several instrumental pieces ( ricercare ) are obtained from Willaert's compositional work.

Motets

Of central importance was the motet, which occupied him throughout his life for Adrian Willaert. There are also spiritual, and secular motets Willaerts handed. In 1539 appeared the first time Individual Prints with motets, including the two books of four-voice motets by Adrian Willaert. The books contain a total of 45 motets different formation time and about texts from different sources. 1539 also the book of five -part motets and 1542 the book of the six -part motets were printed. In 1559 appeared with the Musica Nova again 27 motets, different number of votes. Some motets have survived outside the individual prints.

Measuring

Willaert composed only a few trade shows, only eight can be safely attributed to him. Most of his masses belong to the type of parody show. Direct dating does not exist - for an early date ( before 1530 ) the most, however, speak the templates of the five printed Measure, derived from the composer, also compositional characteristics that point to Adrian Willaert in previous years.

Hymns

Most hymns Willaerts are designed for choralischen and polyphonic alternatim lecture. The polyphonic verses are composed like little motets.

Chansons

Willaert's chansons are divided into three groups: the first group consists of 20 three-voice chansons, the second from 26 five - and six -voice chansons, which have a preference for canonical construction, the third group consists of 15 songs, to four voices.

Effect story

That Willaert already enjoyed a very high reputation during his lifetime, can already be seen alone in his position as director of music at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, as well as the existence of a " Willaertkreises ". This consisted of composers and music theorists of Willaert's environment, Cipriano de Rore, such as Andrea Gabrieli or. It is due to three circumstances that Willaert was also known after his death: the great extent of his compositions; the then Venice 's leading music printer and publisher who contributed to the establishment and consolidation of Willaert's position in Venice, as well as his influence on younger composers and the music theory of the late 16th century. In particular, the role that Willaert occupied in the theoretical writings, probably led to the fact that he was still known as a leading composer of his time, while his pieces fashion of the time, following barely came to the performance and lost popularity. Must be mentioned in this context especially the music theorist Zarlino Gioseffo, the harmoniche in his work Le institutioni the teachings Willaerts has passed on later composers. After his testimony, the eight -part Salmi have entered spezzati of 1550 Willaert reputed to be the inventor of the Doppelchörigkeit. Although there was a splitting of the set even earlier in the liturgical practice Lecture, however, it developed the first multiple choirs, whose precursor was Willaert and is then amplified to find his pupil Andrea Gabrieli. But Giulio Caesare Monteverdi, the designated in 1607 Willaert as the compositional perfecter of the so-called Prima pratica in Scherzi musicali pressure of his brother Claudio, contributed to that Willaert's fame was at least literary alive after his death. Founded in Willaert student-teacher generations reach into the Baroque period. The international fame of this school founded pupil of Willaert.